THE GENUS HESPERIA. 143 



clasp a round (or square) outline, instead of a parallel sided, relatively- 

 narrow one. The difference largely consists in the development in the 

 European section of the portion of the valve, Dr. Eeverdin calls " the 

 spoon " (cuiller), and of the style to correspond. 



In the photograph of the appendages herewith offered, these charac- 

 ters are evident, as well as the structure of the tenth sternite, distinguish- 

 ing them . from the alveus and other sections. They all show the 

 ribbon-like style very clearly, a little narrower perhaps in andromedae 

 and alpina. Sidae is altogether larger, bolder than the others, and 

 differs most in the outline of the tenth sternite, and in the strong teeth 

 to the basal end of the style portion. In alpina, on the other hand, 

 this basal end of the style is very free from teeth. It is needless to 

 detail the differences in the relative proportions in the different species 

 of the different portions of the harpe and valve, and of the style (end 

 of the harpe), and the various outlines of the " spoon." These may 

 all be easily seen in the photographs. It is only necessary to say that 

 these differences, smaller or greater as they may be, are quite constant 

 in the several species. 



Of the species of the cacaliae group, one owes its recognition to Dr. 

 Eeverdin, viz., H. sihirica, of which he gives a full account and diag- 

 nosis in the Bulletin of the Geneva Society for August, 1911 (vol. ii., 

 fasc. 2, p. 78), with figures of the imago and of the appendages. Except 

 that this species was first introduced by Staudinger as a variety of 

 andromedae, it is remarkable in this group that there has never been any 

 question as to the several species being clearly and certainly distinct, 

 the more so perhaps that certain specimens of cacaliae and andruviedae 

 very much resemble each other. 



Dr. Eeverdin regards the spines that are at the end of the style as 

 not being teeth. He says, "Its distal portion does not bear teeth, but 

 hairs or spicules more or less numerous and more or less spread." The 

 spines might be called spicules, but only if spicules means a small or 

 special form of teeth, but not if it be synonymous with hairs. The 

 spines are certainly not hairs, they have no basal articulation, but are an 

 extension of the chitinous surface of the style, and in form are broad 

 and lancet-shaped, and not at all like hairs, which abound on other 

 portions of the clasp. An ordinary tooth or two may be seen at the 

 end of the style (in cacaliae for example), the spicules extend back along 

 the lower margin of the style. 



H. cynarae seems to be somewhat intermediate between the cacaliae 

 and alveus groups. The tenth sternite attaches it unmistakably to the 

 alveus group, but the style almost equally claims relationship to that 

 of cacaliae, it is long, ribbon-like, in one of my specimens bent precisely 

 as in the cacaliae section, but in another slightly only, and certainly 

 not fixed in the bent position as in the cacaliae group, the spines are 

 evidently spines, are comparatively few, but extend back along the style 

 as in the cacaliae group. 



We may tabulate* the cacaliae section on wing markings as under. 



European section.— I. may repeat that European and Asiatic for the 



* In this and, I suspect, in any possible tabulation in the genus, the charac- 

 ters used will be more evident and therefore more trustworthy in a series than for 

 an odd specimen, as there is a good deal of variation in each species, and any 

 character used may be poorly pronounced in some individuals. 



