144 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECOED. 



division that may be made of the Paltearctic Hesperias, will not bear 

 criticism as to being an accurate description of the sections, but is 

 simple and convenient, and conforms to our (some of our) ideas of the 

 general facies of the two divisions. 



Group of carthami and cacaUae (10th abdominal segment in <? , a 

 complete circle). Discal mark of forewing beneath less a distinct mark, 

 than a pale cloud continued outwards. This is not distinct in bieti. 



IJPPERSIDE. 



A. Hindwing with markings, inner row of spots on forewing repre- 



sented by one only on inner margin [cacaUae has similarly 

 this single spot, but the hindwings are usually practically 

 without markings). 



1. Larger, discal spot absent. 



a. Has a subcostal spot between inner and outer row, making 



three in longitudinal succession, and completing costally 

 the circle of Lang's " Q mark." sidae. 



b. Has no intermediate spot. carthami. 



2. Smaller, discal spot present. bieti. 



B. Hindwing poorly or well marked, if the latter, has none or more 



than one inner marginal spot of first row on forewing. 



1. Spots always small, hindwing spotless, merely a light shade 



representing' Central spot, inner marginal spot of first row 

 forewing generally absent. cacaUae. 



2. Spots of ordinary size. Ground colour dark (without pale 



scaling, making the spotting conspicuous as black and 

 white). Inner marginal spot wanting. Smaller and with 

 shorter fore costa, giving a squarer aspect to the insect. 



alpina. 



3. With three spots below large spot forewing. andro^nedae. 



4. With two spots below large spot forewing. 



a. Sometimes united, upper rarely absent, all spots larger and 



more distinct. centanreae. 



b. Spots smaller, and when larger the white surface has a pale 



suffusion, beyond what occurs in centanreae, and the 

 discal cloud characteristic of under surface in the group, 

 is marked on upper surface. sibirica. 



Underside. 



A. Very definite alternation of coloured bands beneath hindwing. 



1. Large, colours orange and white. sidae. 



2. Smaller, colours reddish-brown and silver. bieti. 



B. Ground colour beneath dull, spots not combined into bands. 



1. Large, underside hindwing hind margin has three inner spaces 



with definite lancet-shaped spots, often with a black centre. 

 (In centanreae these spots are often arrow-shaped, making 

 a zigzag line, really very different, but the difference is not 

 briefly to be described.) carthami. 



2. Dark ground colour well-marked, very clearly outlined and 



divided by white lines on veins, giving by its sharp defini- 

 tion a chess-board-like effect. ■ centanreae. 



3. Similar to centanreae, but is more washed out and the outhnes 



