juiM 10 iy]y 



THK GENUS HKSPERIA. 



81 



The Genus Hesperia. {With three -plates.) 



By Db. T. a. CHAPMA.N, F.R.S., P.Z.S. 

 {Continued from vol. xxx., p. 165.) 



In leaving the group, if they are close enough to be one group, of 

 onopnrdi, serratidae, and frit'dlnm, we might take next the alveiis group 

 proper, but it may be convenient to take first cynarae, connecting the 

 cacaliae vrith the alveus group, and then the malvae group, that seems 

 fairly near to onopordi. 



Cynarae, PI. i., fig. 4. The male appendages (PI. iii., fig. 1) are 

 very close to alveus, and at first glance are of the same group ; this is 

 notable in the form of the {cuiller) "spoon," and especially of the lateral 

 apophyses, which are almost identical with those of alveus, the style, 

 however, though long and slender, has one character that only occurs 

 elsewhere in the cacaliae group, viz., it is folded over close to its base, 

 and the stylifer and antistyle are more like those of the cacaliae group 

 than like alveus.'^' 



Cynarae is perhaps nearer to alveus than any species not of the 

 alveus group {sensu stricto). It may be distinguished from all other 

 species of the group in the wider sense, by the points noted by Rambur. 

 The species is rather large (36mm.), has very large and very square 

 white spots, more so than in any other species of the group, above the 

 discoidai spot there are the two or three little streaks that . occur in 

 most species, but here they are distinctly one after the other in line 

 with the costa, in the others they are rather one above the other. The 

 two little spots on the inner margin, to the basal side of the middle, 

 one or both of which are so often present in other species, are here 

 large and united towards the base so as to present a rather blunt 

 rounded arrowhead directed towards the base. Beneath, the spots on 

 the forewing are very large, as they are above, the spotting on the 

 hindwing presents nothing that can be seized upon to distinguish it from 

 alveus, but the inner margin is pale as in carthami, and in alveus it is 

 quite darkly scaled. 



Coming to the malvae group, we see a close relationship in the 

 forms of the apophyses in malvae and onopordi, and the short style and 

 squat stylifer in melotis and malvoides are nearer to the onopordi group 

 than to those of cacaliae or alveus. This brevity is carried to excess in 

 malvae, where the stylar teeth are very large and trespass backwards. 



Professor Eeverdin places four species in the malvae group, malvae, 

 melotis, malvoides, and pontica. Their relationship to the other groups, 

 is apparently distinctly to what I have called the European section, 

 but in some respects it approaches the Asiatic section more than any 

 other of the European groups. This is perhaps most pronounced in 

 the clasps having the upper and lower margins curved, so that they 

 look as a whole more circular and less elongated and parallel-sided, the 

 clasps also have the stylifer well-marked, but with the style so short 

 and blunt as hardly to deserve the name. Sao is much more eastern 

 in these respects than the malvae group, and as regards the appendages 

 appears to belong to a distinct group. 



The convex curvature of the lower margin of the clasps in this 



* I have felt a want of names for the curious separate-looking portion of the 

 clasp that carries the style (Rambur) and for its basal projection, I think suitable 

 names would be the stylifer and the antistyle. 

 May 15th, 1919. 



