88 THE entomologist's record. 



Pieris manni, Mayer, race creta, mihi. Corresponds to expansa of 

 P. daplidice, and occurs in particular localities, such as Mount Fanna, 

 near Florence, and the Isle of Elba. Males range up to 44-45mm. in 

 expanse, females up to 41 mm. 



Pieris brassicae, L. The third brood has intermediate characters 

 between the first and the second catoleiica, Eobr. ; the name tertia 

 seems the simplest to use, as in other species. The name postice- 

 ocHREATA will be found useful for female individuals of the first brood 

 with the upperside of the hindwings of a bright ochreous colour ; they 

 occur frequently in northern races (Britain included), but I have never 

 seen a southern specimen. 



Aporia crataegi, L. — Also in this species the northern yellow female 

 called flava by Tutt does not occur in. the southern races, but speci- 

 mens with an ochreous underside are not infrequent and might be 

 called iNFRAocHREATA, mihi. 



Parnassina apollo, L. — On the Prato Fiorito Mountain, near Lucca, 

 a remarkable form is comparatively frequent, in which the ocelli are 

 very large and the anal streaks much more broadly red and rounded 

 than in decora, Stichel ; the naine decoratissima is well suited to 

 them, and the entire race might bear the same name. 



Thais hypermnestra'^ ; Scop., race nemorensis, mihi, and race 

 LATEviTTATA, mihi. — In the pine woods of the Tuscan coast (Forte dei 

 Marmi), a small, weakly race is found, contrasting with the large, 

 bright cassa7idra, Hiib., of open Tuscan localities. The latter is iden- 

 tical with Hiibner's figures, and I was wrong in figuring it in " Eho- 

 palocera palaearctica " under the name of "trans, to cassandra," and in 

 naming the very dark Sicilian ra.cecassandra. Hiibner's name should 

 not be applied to the latter, as all authors have done, and a new name 

 is necessary to distinguish it from true cassandra of Central Italy ; I 

 propose that of latevittata as being descriptive ; figure 16 of pi. vii. 

 can be taken as the " type." Hiibner's figures of cassandra show red 

 scaling in the precostal markings of the forewings ; specimens in 

 which it does not exist might be called inornata. 



Papilio machaon, L., race bigenerata, mihi ; race emisphybus, mihi. 

 This species does not produce numerous local races in Europe, but 

 geographical variation does exist on broad lines, according to the lati- 

 tude. (1) In the north flies the nymotypical single-brooded race, 

 including a few local ones, such as the English race. (2) Further 

 south there are two broods,! and the second one is intermediate in 

 character between the first and the form aestivus, Z., which exists still 

 further south ; it has the short-haired frontal tuft and partly bare 

 abdomen of the latter, but the wings differ little from those of its first 

 generation. It is well worthy of being distinguished, and might be called 

 aestivoides, mihi. This race on the whole might be called bigene- 

 rata, mihi. (3) Preceding southwardly one meets with three broods i 

 in this group the culminating race is the one of the extreme south 



* polyxena.—'H.J.T. f There are two broods in England. — G.W. 



