104 



THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 



inference drawn by Standfuss from this is that rustica is a more ancestral 

 form than mendica. Bustica is found in the eastern and western out- 

 skirts of the range of the insect, and in the east appears to occupy a 

 higher altitude than typical mendica. 



It is found in Ireland, Hungary, Eoumania, the Caucasus, Cilicia, 

 and Armenia. This may be explained by the newer form with a dark 

 brown male having arisen somewhere in the centre and spread in all 

 directions towards the periphery. 



Caradja. — Societas Entomologica. Zurich. 



1894-1895. ix.. No. 7, p. 49. 



1895-3 896. x., No. 7, p. 49. 

 Standfuss. — Handbnch. Paldarkt. Gr. Schmetter. 



f. Forscher u. Sammler, 1896. p. 223. 

 (9 Figures.) 



The various modes of Emergence and the Number of Annual Broods 

 of the Grypocera and of the Rhopaiocera of Southern Europe, 

 illustrated by the Tuscan species. 



By Dk. EOGER VERITY. 

 {Continued from 2>- 72.) 

 Poh/o)in)iatiis icarus and Af/riades thersites behave in much the same 

 way as C. pamp/iilns, having also two graduated broods, and sometimes, 

 between these, two apparent broods. The first brood emerges in 

 Florence from the 10th of April, is very abundant at the end of May 

 and in the first half of June (" nucleus " of that brood) and then 

 diminishes till the end of July; it is distinguished by the decided 

 grey colour of the underside of the wings, and by the greenish metallic 

 scales of the base of the hind wings ; the females are besides adorned 

 by blue scales more or less abundant on the upper side. This 

 characteristic however diminishes in June, when numerous individuals 

 appear that do not show it, therefore it would seem attributable to 

 secondary characteristics acquired by the individual from external 

 conditions during the development of the wings in the chrysalis ; in 

 fact there appear also in the second brood some rare individuals who 

 present it. The second brood emerges from the first days of July to 

 the middle of September ; it is distinguished in a special manner by 

 the usual tawny colour of the underside, which is seen in summer in 

 so many species," especially on the hindwmgs, and by the absence of 

 the greenish metallic scales at the base. In Florence, according ta 

 Querci, this brood remains more or less constant in numbers during 

 August and till the 15th of September. At Forte dei Marmi it becomes 

 much more abundant at the end of August and at the beginning of 

 September (" nucleus " of the second brood), but I am ignorant of 

 what happens later. In Elba the first brood ceases to emerge at the 

 end of May, and the second at the end of August ; the species 

 is scarce in that locality, compared with Florence, and the broods 

 are shorter. With regard to this it is instructive to note the 

 erroneous interpretations of data which one may commit for 

 want of general kno.wledge of the difi'erent types of emergence. 

 In vol. xlviii of Bull. Sac. Knt. Ital., p. 193, I gave the following 

 indications on the icarus of Elba (Poggio) : " first brood, 3- till 29ttt 



