106 THE entomologist's kecord. 



case of bipartite brood, but not due to the summer pause) ; the second 

 group began by the appearance oi numerous males, and after five days 

 the females re-appeared, as if it were a new brood ; numerous larvae 

 were found whilst the first group was flying ; all this seemed to me at 

 that time unexplainable, but the knowledge of the type of graduated 

 emergence now explains sufficiently its origin, and it does not seem 

 necessary to recur to the hypothesis that possibly the second group was 

 generated by the second brood of August and September, in which the 

 individuals are much less numerous than those ot the first, whilst the 

 first group would consist of families with only one brood, whose larvae 

 would consequently have hybernated at a more advanced stage of 

 development than the others. 



I will conclude this account of the various types of emergence of 

 the Rhopalocera and Grypocera by mentioning the special phenomenon 

 observed by Querci at Formia (Caserta), concerning Gegenes lefebvrei, 

 Eamb., and described by him in -vol. v. of the Etudes de Lepidopt. Coin- 

 paree, of C. Oberthiir, p. 191. This species appears in the imago stage 

 in four difjferent periods of the year : in May and June, in July, in 

 August, from September to ISovember ; each appearance happens in a 

 difi^erent locality from that of the others ; therefore there is only one 

 brood in each ; these localities are only half a kilometre to one kilo- 

 metre distant from each other, but, notwithstanding, attentive observa- 

 tion has shown that during the presence of the butterflies in one of 

 them, not a single individual appears in any of the others ; it seems to 

 me that one may conclude that the O. lefebrrei has only one brood, and 

 that the two broods mentioned by several writers do not exist, and are 

 to be accounted for by the above-mentioned phenomenon. In Tuscany, 

 Elba excepted, where it flies in July, and where I do not know if it is 

 to be found at other seasons, thei-e exists only one brood in the last 

 days of August and in September. I would propose to call this phenome- 

 non : "■ niiijratinci emergence." We can partly explain it by observing that 

 Augiades sylvanus also has practically one brood of the duration of about 

 two months, and that it emerges at very variable seasons of the year, 

 according to localities, and also according to the years; thus, in the 

 Plan di Mugnone (an arid locality near Florence) it emerges from May 

 to July, at the Forte dei Marmi (Lucca), in a marshy situation, it 

 emerges from July to the end of August, that is to say, at the 

 seasons when Lepidoptera are respectively more abundant. 



Having completed the study of the principal types of emergence 

 with regard to the number of broods, and to the seasons of the year in 

 which they occur, we can now pass to a rapid examination of other 

 variations. One of these consists in the notable difference between the 

 number of individuals of one brood and those of another, or of the 

 other two, in regard to which, generally, there is a distinct primary 

 brood, and sometimes there even exists a primary, a secondary, and a 

 tertiary. This phenomenon is connected in an intimate manner with 

 the principal types of emergence described above, because it is some- 

 times so constant in one species that it must be counted amongst its 

 " specific " characteristics. In (Julias croceiis* the number of individuals 

 of the third brood is always so superior to those of the individuals of 

 the other two, that it is not possible to admit a direct descent of the 



* =Golia$ edusa. — H.J.T. 



