SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 121 



Seasonal Polymorphism and Races of some European Grypocera 

 and Rhopalocera. 



By KOGER VERITY, M.D. 

 [Continued jrom 'page 89.) 

 [Correction. — On page 87, four lines under Pontia dajilvUce, " In 

 Sicily the most .... I call it ampla," unfortunately were misplaced, 

 and should come under Colias croceiis above. — H.J.T.] 



Coenonymphapmnphilus, L., race emiaustralis, mihi ; race emilyllus, 

 mihi ; race gigas, mihi. I have already mentioned in the Ent. Record 

 xxviii., p. 171, how interesting I consider this species from the point 

 of view of variation, and I have given a summary of its geographical 

 variations in Europe and Africa. I have since then been able to pro- 

 cure a still larger material and I have gone into the subject more 

 thoroughly. I have noted that in the southern part of Central Europe 

 this species does not belong any more to the nymotypical race, but 

 already resembles entirely on the underside and in the first generation 

 the southern race I have called aia<tralis ; on the upperside, on the 

 contrary, it is quite similar to the former by its pale grey marginal 

 band and by the total absence of it in some females ; the second 

 generation belongs to the aestivalis, Rocci form. Taking as typical a 

 series of the first brood from Geneva, I should call this transitional 

 race emiaustralis. In the April number of the Ent. Record for this year 

 I have, at page 71, outlined the very marked seasonal variations of 

 aitstralis in Florence, producing successively the forms : murina, Vrty., 

 australis, Vrty., emilyllus, Vrty., aestivalis, Rocci, and again murina. 

 The name eiiiilyUus I created for the distinct summer form, which is 

 produced in many southern localities in July and at the beginning of 

 August, constituting the first group of the bipartite second generation, 

 and distinguished by its underside of an uniform light tawny colour, 

 with well marked eye-spots, and very often by tlie marginal band of 

 the upperside being divided in two. The discovery of this form has 

 led me to modify my views as to the possible specific distinction of 

 lyllus, Esp. from .jyavipJdlus, L.; it is evidently a perfect transition 

 from one to the other ; I also possess a transitional male specimen 

 from Martigny, in the Valais, in which the marginal band is divided 

 in two, but in this case the underside has no resemblance to lyllits 

 [form BiPERTiTA, mihi] ; moreover, in a large series of the first brood 

 lyllides of lyllus collected by the Quercis in Sicily, I have found a few 

 specimens exactly resembling australis from Tuscany ; all this shows 

 the two blend together in several ways and are only geographical 

 variations, probably simply produced by their surroundings. I should 

 extend the name emilyllus to those races in which this form predomin- 

 ates in the first group of the second generation, as even in Tuscany 

 there are localities where aestivalis, on the contrary, constitutes the 

 whole of the latter generation. It must be noted that in Central Italy 

 australis in both generations has a tendency to produce a very wide 

 and very dark black marginal band ; Riihl observes that it is much 

 darker than in his marginata from Asia Minor, in which it tends to be 

 brownish ; our more extensive knowledge of the variations of this 

 species now clearly shows that marginata is a modified form of lyllus, 

 July 15th, 1919. 



