124 THE entomologist's record. 



great many authors. Esper and Hiibner figured two specimens col- 

 lected at Lisbon, and belonging to a race which in the scale of varia- 

 tion of the species comes nearest to the giant race of Africa and Sicily 

 generally known under the name of fortnnata, Alph.; true hispiilla is 

 also found in Sardinia, but on no account does it occur m continental 

 Italy, and still less in Switzerland, even as individual variation ; Priihs- 

 torfer rightly pointed this out and gave the name phorima to the races 

 of the warmer valleys of the Alpine region, wrongly called hispnlla by 

 many, and brighter than the one figured under this name by Seitz ; 

 the race of Northern Europe, which I think ought to be called jrtvrtj-a, 

 L., extends as far south as Central Italy, at very high altitudes, but 

 phormia otherwise generally represents the species in the latter country. 

 I must now add that the gap between phoniiia and hispidla is still so 

 great that a further grade is clearly discernible ; such is the race found 

 in the Isle of Elba, and probably also in southern Italy ; extreme 

 individual variations reach both j:ihorrnia and hispnlla, but the great 

 majority are intermediate; I should call it eiiiihispulla. 



Another mistake commonly made in this species must be empha- 

 sised : it was shown by Le Cerf [Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1912, p. 225] 

 that teliiiesna, Zeller, is a distinct species with very different " genitalia" 

 from jurtina ; the latter is also found in the East, and it often resembles 

 the former to such a degree that an examination of the. genitalia is 

 required to separate them ; this very distinct race had thus always 

 been mixed up with telmefisia, but it is high time it should be recog- 

 nised and named telmessiaeforniis. 



Erebia ceto, Hiib., race abetonica, mihi. This race differs from all 

 others by the extent of the fulvous spaces ; in extreme female examples 

 they form a continuous wide band across the wing ; it is a grade 

 further than cetra, Frhst., of the Maritime Alps, and it also differs 

 from it by the much warmer reddish tinge of the black scaling. I 

 found it abundantly on Mount Majori, 1500m., near the Abefcone Pass. 

 It is noteworthy that further south, in the Sibillini Mountains, the 

 opposite variation of the species, ohscura, Eatzer, is produced. 



Erebia stygne, 0., race etrueiae, mihi. The same contrast as in 

 the preceding species exists between the races of the Abetone region 

 and that of the Sibillini ; the latter belongs to valesiaca, Ehves, re- 

 named ruldi, Frhst., that name existing already in the genus ; the 

 former comes near to the most vividly marked race cubei, Frhst., of 

 the Maritime Alps, but lacks the whitish band-like space on the under- 

 side of the hindwings, and is slightly less fulvous on the upperside. 



Erebia qoante, Esp., race valderensis, mihi, and race apenninigena, 

 mihi. Esper's type was from the " Thalalpen " of Lucerne. The race 

 of the Valdieri Baths, 1435m., in the Maritime Alps, differs from it as 

 follows : both the black and the fulvous colour are darker ; the latter 

 is very much less in extent, often not reaching further back than the 

 second cubital nervure ; the ej^e-like spots are smaller and may be 

 absent on hindv/ings ; the underside is more variegated, a deep black 

 pattern contrasting sharply with a silvery-white ground colour. 



■ The race collected at Arpetto, in the Ligurian Apennines, has the 

 fulvous spaces and ocelli still more reduced than in valderensis, but the 



