THE VAIUOUS MODES OF EMERGENCE. 



141 



The various modes of Emergence and the Number of Annual Broods 

 of the Grypocera and of the Rhopalocera of Southern Europe, 

 illustrated by the Tuscan species. 



. By Dr. ROGER VERITY. 



Continued from imge 110.) 



It will be useful to recapitulate briefly in the following table what 

 we have said up to now : 



Causes of error in the determination of the number of broods : 

 Duration of life : long-lived {vita loyiga) and short-lived {vita brevis) ; 

 Periods of pause in the emergence of the imagines : winter pause 

 {quies hiberna), and summer pause {qtdes aestiva). There may result 

 bipartite broods {r/eneratio bipertita), and therefore apparent broods 

 [generatio simulata), which may be monosexual. These periods of 

 hibernation and aestivation can be passed at the imago stage ; imagines 

 hibernantes, imagines (BstivanteK. 



Variations .in the modes of emergence : 



a. Frequency of broods : ordinary broods {generatio ordinaria) and 

 extraordinary broods {generatio extraordinaria). 



Biennial species {species bima), annual, monogoneutic or single- 

 brooded {annua), bigenerate, digoneutic or double-brooded {bigenerata), 

 trigenerate/trigoneutic or triple-brooded {trigenerata). 



b. Periods of emergence : (See following list of Tuscan species). 

 These can be very variable in special cases : migrating broods {gene- 

 ratio migrans). 



c. Duration of the emergence : Short emergence {generatio con- 

 tracta), and long emergence {generatio prolata) ; in this last one may 

 distinguish a nucleus {generationis yiuclaeits), precocious individuals or 

 forwards {indiindui praecoces), and tardy individuals or laggards {indi- 

 vidui tardi). Graduated emergence (generatio gradaaria), equally with 

 a nucleus and with precocious families {familiae praecoces), and tardy 

 families {familiae tardae). 



d. Number of individuals : equal in all the generations {aeqiie 

 generatae), primary brood {generatio primaria), secondary brood {g, 

 secundaria), and tertiary {g. tertiaria). The actual number of indi- 

 viduals and the relations between those of the various broods offer 

 "specific" variations {varietas specifica), "geographical" {geographica), 

 and "annual" {annua). Suppressed brood {generatio deleta) ; ^gBivWdl 

 broods {generatio deminuta). 



e. Distribution : Diffused species {species sparsa), and localised 

 species {species coacta), wherever by specific localisation {coactio specifica), 

 or in determinate regions by local causes (c. geographica). 



f. Sexual differences : Male individuals are generally more 

 numerous and more precocious ; females may be more numerous 

 {polygynogenism) in a few polygynogoneutic species {species polygyno- 

 genetica), or they emerge at the same time as the males in. a relatively 

 small number of species, which may be called : " with precocious 

 female " {foemina praecoce species). 



* * -Ji 



Table of the maximum number of annual broods and of the different 

 types of emergence of the Grypocera and of the Rhopalocera, which 

 inhabit the plains and the hills of the neighbourhood of Florence and 



AUGUST SEPTEMBER, 1919. 



