THE VARIOUS MODES OF EMERGENCE. 



148 



May to JulJ^ — Dn/as paiulura, Schiff. (*) 

 [(-) Isle of Elba.]" 

 June to August. ^ — D)i/as pap/n'a, L. 



End of May to September (nucleus : September 1st to 15th). — 

 Laiiipidt's hoeticus, L., Baywardia telicaniis, Lang. 



ANNUiE ORDINARIE ET BIGENERATiE EXTRAORDINARIE. 



I., May to June ; II., September 1st to 15th. — FJuchloe crameri, 

 Btl. (f). 



[(t) The second generation of this species, which is supposed to 

 emerge in June, according to all the writers, and to be constantly dis- 

 tinguishable by special features, is probably but a myth, which ought 

 not to be carried on from one entomological work to another. First 

 of all two successive generations, so close to one another as not to 

 allow the larvae time to grow up, and not followed subsequently by any 

 other generation, constitute a nonsense; then, the two forms which 

 are supposed to be characteristic of the two broods, often, on the 

 contrary, emerge mixed up together, as I was able to observe 

 particularly^ on Mount Calvo, above Montenero, near Leghorn, where 

 3 3 were abundant on June 9th, 1917, and where ? ? of the extreme 

 forms (roiiiana, Calb., and romanoides, Vrty.) were beginning to 

 emerge together. On the other hand in a large series collected by the 

 Querci family at S. Martino alle Scale (Palermo) the two forms of the 

 species are quite distinct, one having emerged from April to May 15th, 

 the other from this date till June 15th, in both instances the Js 

 being followed by the J s, and in the first group the latter only having 

 appeared in the last days of April. Having discarded the possibility of 

 two generations, we are left with a point of interrogation as regards this 

 phenomenon ; one might perhaps suggest that one of the forms is the 

 product of the biennial chrysalids observed to exist in crameri by 

 various authors. It seems, however, more probable that the two forms 

 are the product of surroundings, and that in some cases' a bipartite 

 emergence occurs, when the two lots have a different appearance on 

 account of the seasons.] 



I., June 15th to July 15th ; II., end of August to beginning of 

 September. — Melitaea atlialia, Eott. 



Annu^ migrantes. 



From May to October, during 1 or 2 months in each locality. — 

 Gegenes lefebvrei, Ramb. 



BiGENERATiE. 



Gen. I. priiuaria ; Gen. II. fere ext,raordina)ia. 



I., May ; IL, beginning of August. — C iqndo lyiinimus, Faessl., C. 

 sebrns, Bsdv. 



I., May 15th to June; II. , August. — Cyaniris semiargus, Rott. 



Gen. I., priinaiia. 



I., April to May ; II. , July 15th to August 10th. — Hesperia mal- 

 vaides, Elw. and Eds. 



I., end of May to June ; II., August to September 10th. — Coeno- 

 nyiiipJia corinna, Hb. (*), C. arcania, L., Apatnra ilia, Schifl'. 



[(*) Isle of Elba.] 



