THE VARIOUS MODES OF EMERGENCE. 145 



I., May 15fch to Jane 15th ; II., August to September. — A(/riailes 

 ara(ionensis, Vrty. 



I., May to July ; II., August to September. — Melitaea dldynia, Esp. 



I., (October), April to July 15th ; II., July to September. — 

 Coenoni/iiipha paniphiliis, L. 



I., end of March to end of June ; II., end of June to September 

 loth. — At/riades thersites (Cant.), Chap. 



Gen. II., prim aria. 



I., (end of October), April 10th to end of June ; II., end of June to 

 September 15th. — Polyoiiniiatiis icarns, Eott. 



I., end of April to June 20th ; II., August I5th to October 15th. — 

 Hesperia onopordi, Ramb. 



I., May 15th to June 15th ; August to September. — Agriades 

 thetis, Rott. (''') 



[(*) There is not much difference in the number of individuals of 

 the two broods in certain localities, like Florence, and, when a difference 

 does exist, either one or the other may be the primary one.] 



I., May i5th to June; II., August to iSeptember. — Plebeius aryus, 

 L. {aegon), P. idas, L. { = aryyroy]wmon, Bgstr.) (f), P. liyurica, Obth.(J) 

 I., May 15th to June ; II., August to end of October. — tiesperia 

 ar))ioricaniis, Obth. 



[(f) I have sometimes found male specimens in small numbers 

 near Florence (Fosso di Gamberaia) at the end of September and in 

 October ; they are undoubtedly autumnal precocious individuals of the 

 I. brood.] 



[(+) We have few data as yet concerning this newly-described 

 species. In the plains I have collected it at St. Felice a Ema, near 

 Florence, at the end of May and at the beginning of June, so that I 

 conclude it has two generations similar to those of P. idas : 1 have 

 mentioned it already in the text.] 



I., May to July; II., August to September.— P^/ra»?m cardui, L. 



I., end of May to June ; (II. September to October.) — Pyrameis 

 atalanta, L. 



Note. — Observations on the Vanessidi. — The different kinds of Vanessidi 

 behave in different ways : — 



Pyrameis cardui emerges from the beginning of May till the end of June, and 

 the 11. gen. emerges during August and September, the last butterflies dying off in 

 October. 



P. atalanta emerges later: from the end of May to July 15th, and the II. brood 

 presumably in September and October ; it hybernates at the imago stage, and it is 

 seen flying during the whole winter until the end of March, on suitable days. 



Euvanessa antiopu emerges at the end of Jane and at the beginning of July, 

 the II. gen. presumably emerges in the autumn, but never flies at this season, 

 and only exceptionally during the winter ; it appears very often on the wing late 

 in April, and lives till the middle of May. Seitz only attributes one brood both to 

 polychloros and to antiopa ; in the south the former certainly has two ; the latter 

 I have never seen in the autumn at any stage, so that it may be the July 

 individuals aestivate and hybernate, although it does not seem probable in a climate 

 such as that of Central Italy ; on the other hand I do not recollect having ever 

 found in the autumn a freshly emerged specimen or larva of atalanta or io either 

 and in consequence I could not affirm that they are annuals, just as they are in 

 the north. 



Vanessa io emerges at the end of June and at the beginning of July, and the 

 very scarce specimens of the presumable II. brood found in Florence were met with 

 in March. 



The only Aglais urticae which have ever been found in Florence were at the 



