THE VARIOUS MODES OF EMERGENCE. 147 



, Gen. Ill,, iiriiiiaria. 



I., October 15th to May ; II., June; III., August to October 15th. 

 — Colias croceidi, Fourc. (ediisa)/'' 



[In 0. croceiis (ediisa), which emerges all through October, a marked 

 change of aspect is clearly discernable towards the middle of the month, 

 when, a few days after the most tardy females of the III. gen., males 

 begin to appear with all the characteristics of the spring individuals ; 

 they are followed in favourable years by corresponding females and 

 when these are numerous the emergence in the following spring is 

 distinctly lesser, showing a IV. gen. is not produced.] 



I., October to May; II., June to beginning of August; III., end 

 of August to September ; IV., extraordinary, October. — Rumicia 

 phlaeas, L. 



I. (October), March 15th to May; II., end of May to June; III., 

 August to September. — Poiitia daplidice, L., Colias hyale, L. (*). 



(*) There emerge in Florence during October and November a few 

 individuals, mostly males, of (7. hyale, which are undoubtedly autumnal 

 precocious individuals of the I. gen., similar to those of croceus, but 

 less frequent. In southern Latium Querci has observed in exceptionally 

 favourable years a similar phenomenon in P. daplidice and P. inanni. 



I., April to May ; II., beginning of July; III., end of August. — 

 Papilio machaon, L., Issoria lathonia, L., Loweia dorilis, Hufn. 



I., April to beginning of May ; 11., end of June ; III., August to 

 September. — Erynnis (Carcharodus) alceae, Esp., E. (C.) altheae, Hub., 

 Brenthis dia, L. 



I., May to beginning of June; 11., July; III., September 1st to 

 15th. — Liuienitis riviilaris, Scop, {camilla). 



' Summary of the successive annual periods of em,er<jence in Florence. 

 Towards March 10th, when the anemones and the narcissi are in 

 bloom, a sudden abundant emergence (1) of the five species of Pieris, 

 of the Colias, of polychloros, of eyea, and of megera takes place, and a 

 few days later of aegeria ; these are joined hy c-albiiin, atalanta, rhamni, 

 and Cleopatra, which have hibernated at the imago stage. From the 

 end of March to about April 10th there is (2) a notable decrease in the 

 emergence of the Rhopalocera (I. partial pause). After this period 

 begins (8) the emergence of the species which have their nucleus at 

 the end of April and in the early half of May. In the latter month 

 these are joined by other species, and an epoch ensues which is one of 

 the richest of the year in diurnal Lepidoptera. In the first week of 

 June (4) a new diminution takes place in the emergence of butterflies 

 generally (II. partial pause). The richest of all epochs then follows, 

 (5), in which many new species, amongst which the Vanessidi, add 

 themselves to the II. gen. of the trigenerates, and to the I. 

 gen. of the bigenerates. At the end of this period the Satyri 

 commence to appear, and they go on emerging even during (6) 

 the summer pauise, in which period nearly all species disappear, 

 except (J. pamphilus and H. lupinus, Costa [lycaon.^]; the latter period 

 of pause lasts from about July 20th to about August 5th. There then 

 follows (7) an abundant emergence, chiefly consisting in the II. gen. 

 of the bigenerates, followed towards the middle of the month by various 

 svimnier species, such as hetulae, statilinus, briseis, and by the beginning 

 of the III. gen. of the trigenerates. The result is that this is the 



