148 THE entomologist's record, 



second richest period of the year as regards the abundance of individuals 

 of many species ; it extends to about the middle of September. At 

 that time (8) nearly the whole of the butterflies cease emerging and 

 the later part of September is characterised by the abundance of 

 individuals of many species, but mostly old and worn. In the later 

 half of October a small emergence (9) of various species takes 

 place in favourable years, consisting in individuals which should 

 have emerged only in the following spring. For instance, on the 

 26th and 28th of October, 1918, specimens recently emerged of the 

 following species were collected in the Pian di Mugnone ; they 

 represent precisely the species which usually emerge as late, except 

 for C. pamphilus, which was missing in that locality ; they all were 

 identical with the spring individuals, except arinoricanus, whose 

 females are at this season more numerous than at any other time of 

 the year, and which belonged to the II. gen. : H. arinoricanus : several 

 ? ? (<?' (3^ all worn); R. phlaeas: several of both sexes; P. icarus: 

 several of both sexes ; A. thetis : 1 ^ ; P. megera : several of both 

 sexes ; P. aegeria : 1 J ; (?. liyale : 1 ? (all the <? <y y&xy worn, of 

 III. gen.) ; C. croceas {ednsa} : both sexes abundant ; P. i-ajme : 1 <y . 

 Finally (10) during the winter, when a few mild days occur, a few 

 croceus, megera, and phlaeas emerge^ together with polycJtloros, which 

 is our winter butterfly par excellence ; atalanta and Qonepteryx, which 

 are wintering at the imago stage, are then also seen on the wing. 



Brenthis pales, its history and its named forms. 



By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S. 

 {Continued from Vol. xxix., p. 134.) 



In mid-December, 1900, was published in the Proceedings of the 

 Entomological Society of Berlin a report of the meeting held on Sep- 

 tember 21st, 1899 {Berl. Ent. Zeit., pp. 41-3), at which Herr Hensel 

 spoke concerning the Argynnis pales forms in his collection, at the 

 same time exhibiting a large number of examples of this butterfly 

 obtained by himself. The various misleading varietal names attached 

 to the alpine aberrations in this section he purposely did not take into 

 account ; he noted that, for a critical revision of the species, it was 

 necessary to have more extensive material, and this would mean 

 a monograph. 



The specimens exhibited divided themselves first of all into two 

 groups, I. The Alpine specimens, II. The examples from the plains 

 (arsilache) . 



The Alpine pales varied in two extremes. The characteristic 

 markings of the first section perhaps indicated by the typical jiales 

 form were as follows : — 



a. Size of males and females the same, being about midway between 



A. dia and the smaller race of A. selene. 



b. Shape of fore-wing elongated and pointed. Outer-margin slightly 



or barely arched, so that the whole wing makes nearly an 

 obtuse angled triangle. 



c. Colour of upperside : Ground colour of both sexes the same rust 



red, in the 2 somewhat duller than in the <y , the markings 

 black, sharp and clearly defined. 



d. Colour of underside : On the forewings the black marking indistinct 



