BKENTHIS PALES, ITS HISTORY AND ITS NAMED FORMS. 149 



and only slightly apparent, or faintly shows through from the 

 upperside here and there. On the lower wings the dark rust-red 

 portions are sharply defined from the yellow or mother-of-pearl 

 shining spots. (In one aberration there are two spots of the two 

 outer rows of spots on the hindwings run together into longish 

 pearl spots. On the underside of the hindwing the yellow is missing, 

 except that at the outer marginal angle it is reduced to an obso- 

 lescent trace.) 



The examples which belong to section I. are from meadows which 

 were not damp, and were taken at a height of about 1900m. (about 

 6000ft.), e.<i., on the Schmittenhohe. 



In strong opposition to the examples referred to above were those 

 which the exhibitor had placed in the section XL The characteristic 

 markings were as follows : — 



a. Size about as aphirape, ino, and so on. 5 generally larger than 



the <y . 



b. Shape of forewings broad, outer margin strongly convex ; in especi- 



ally extreme specimens a tangent drawn nearly through the 

 terminal point of vjein 4, will make an angle with the produced 

 inner margin very close to the wing. 



c. Colour of upperside : The two sexes differ, ground colour in the 



3" clear, usually pale red, the black markings thin and feeble, 

 in many specimens still more pale. Ground colour in the female 

 a whitish gray, usually obscured by greenish, variegated scaling, 

 especially on the forewings, the rusty yellow powdering quite 

 suppressed ; the black markings are strong and not sharply 

 marked, but mingling somewhat with the ground colour in many 

 examples. Further, many females also show between the mark- 

 ings strong blackish powdering as a dark blue-violet shimmer, 

 just as do the females of Brentlm ino. 



d. Colour and marking of underside : Black markings generally quite 



wanting on the forewings in the 3 , in the $ they are mostly 

 feeble and imperfectly developed. On the hindwing the markings 

 are washed out in the 3 , in the female on the other hand the 

 rusty red markings here and there become brown or greenish. 



The examples belonging to section II. come mostly from the 

 Glockner neighbourhood, and were caught in damp places at a height 

 of about 2,000m. (about 6,600ft.). 



With regard to Group II. the pales form of the level open 

 country, the var. arsilache, also native to Berlin, he merely 

 mentioned that it was larger than the Alpine examples, and the 

 most intensely strongly coloured of all the pales forms known to 

 the exhibitor. The form of the fore-wing is pointed and elongate 

 as in Group I., but the black markings (especially the band of the 

 middle discal area, which becomes obsolete toward the exterior) much 

 sharper and broader. The forewing also exhibits on the underside 

 sharp and distinct marking ; 3 and ? have almost the same ground 

 colour. 



Fruhstorfer, Iris-, xvi., p. 306 (1908), described three forms which 

 he called new sub-species of Brenthis pales. 



L Brenthis pales sub. s^. palina — " Is very near sifanica, Gr. Gr., but 

 is somewhat larger, of more pointed wing shape and on the hind- 



