SEASONAL POI.YMOKPHISM. 179 



a faint trace of the premarginal band can be perceived on the former, 

 but all the rest of the darker pattern is suppressed ; the violet sheen is 

 very inconspicuous for want of a dark background. 



CJiara.vcs ja!<iiis, L., race septentrionalis, ,Yi'ty., first gen. buevicauda, 

 mihi. The spring brood has shorter and thicker tails than the 

 summer one. 



Liinenitis camiLla, L. (= sibilla, L.). The discovery of this species 

 as far south as Southern Italy is noteworthy. Hitherto only two 

 colonies were known in Italy, near Turin and between Pisa and 

 Leghorn. The Quercis have now collected it at the beginning of July, 

 1919, near Atina, 500m., in the Mainarde Mts. It belongs, as do the 

 other Italian colonies, to the race angustefasciata, Streckf. 



Liiiienitis rivularis, Scop. { = ca)nilla, auctorum nee L.). There 

 exists in Tuscany a very marked seasonal polymorphism. Except for 

 very few individuals, the three broods belong respectively to reducta, 

 Stdgr., to the probable nymotypical form (with variation to the very 

 large hercideana, Stichel), and to j^rodifja, Frhst., all of which had been 

 described as local races ; this, of course, may be in some regions, but 

 evidently needs confirmation. 



2Ielitaea didyma, Esp., first gen. kubida, mihi ; race nigkorubida, 

 mihi ; race subrubida, mihi ; race subalpina, mihi ; race maaretanica, 

 Obth., second gen. occasus, mihi ; race palustris, mihi ; race 



APENNINIGENA, mihi. 



The geographical, seasonal, and individual variations of this 

 species are most fascinating and instructive. Unfortunately their 

 nomenclature has been set dovv^n from the beginning in such a faulty 

 and indefinite way that it has paralysed all subsequent attempts to 

 draw from it a clear sketch of the facts. First of all it must be 

 noted that the specific name and description are always ascribed to the 

 wrong author, Oehsenheimer. Kirby alone attributes it rightly to 

 Esper, but even he has not gone far back enough and stops short at 

 Part I., vol. 2, p. 63, pi. Ixi., fig. 2 of the " Schmetterlinge," where 

 Esper figures a " didymae var.," quite overlooking vol. 1, p. 865, pi. 

 xli., fig. 3, where the first description and explanation of the name 

 really are ; the latter figure represents quite clearly, though roughly, a 

 female of the summer brood from Uftenheim in Franconia ; the 

 pattern of the underside of the forewings is slightly aberrant, but I 

 possess some Tuscan specimens that come very near it ; two of the 

 central row of black dots are transformed into a minute dot with a 

 circle round it ; Esper explains that these twin circles and the twin 

 circles which can normally be perceived in the cell of the wings above, 

 made him give the name of the twin sister of Apollo to the species. 

 Having thus established that the nymotypical form is the small, 

 ochreous summer one, we are led to conclude that the more abundant, 

 large, fox-coloured form of the first brood has actually remained to 

 this day without a name. I suggest calling it ruhida, taking as typical 

 Esper's figure 1 on pi. Ixi., drawn from a French specimen, probably 

 Parisian. In Central Europe there is, however, more than one race, 

 and I have two others in my collection. One, from Saxony, has a very 



