180 THE entomologist's record. 



extensive black pattern, so that it corresponds amongst the races 

 of Central Europe to graeca, Stdgr., amongst those of Southern 

 Europe : the marginal band is very wide and so are the premarginal 

 lunules, thus leaving only a row of very thin fulvous lunules between 

 them ; the median series of black spots is very large and the basal 

 pattern is well developed also on the hindwmgs ; the female is quite 

 similar to the male, but with the black pattern still more diffused and 

 more shaded in outline ; I should call it nigrorubida. The opposite 

 extreme of variation is seen in a series from Berlin, which gives the 

 general impression of being transitional to the southern races ; it is 

 smaller and of a brighter fulvous ; black pattern very variable in 

 extent, some specimens approaching the preceding, others coming 

 nearer the darkest individuals of the southern protea, Vrty., from 

 which they chiefly differ on account of the bolder black pattern of the 

 underside and fulvous bands of a deeper tone ; it might be called 

 suBRUBiDA. My series from Geneva may be ascribed to the same race, 

 though the darker specimens are wanting and more of the lighter form 

 are seen. Amongst the Alpine didyma at least two races are clearly 

 discernible : the darkest one is alpma, Stdgr., with the forewings of 

 the female uniformly grey or greenish-grey, and the hindwings often 

 of the same colour, except the costal area. This description could in 

 no way be applied to races of other Alpine localities, such as those of 

 Susa and Bardonecchia in my collection : th,e grey ground- colour does 

 not exist at all ; it is fulvous, usually pale and sometimes nearly 

 white ; the black pattern is very extensive, but it stands out distinctly 

 and it is sharply outlined, instead of shading off as in alpina ; the size 

 is usually smaller than in the latter and the wings are more elongated 

 and narrower ; I propose the name subalpina. 



In the southern group of races one finds a considerable degree of 

 confusion in nomenclature. A few old names are used all round and 

 given different meanings, because their original descriptions are so 

 indefinite that each author has found he could fit them to the material 

 he had at hand, and no one has attempted to work out the much more 

 complex variation existing in reality. Thus, the form occidentalis, 

 Stdgr., is simply described as being "of a more diluted fulvous colour." 

 The result is it has always been applied to the ochreous form of the 

 second brood. But the name was given by Staudinger to Hiibner's 

 figures 869 and 870, which represent a highly characteristic form of 

 the first brood from South Eussia and Central Asia, transitional to 

 caucasica and neera, as stated by Staudinger in his description of the 

 former. It is of a very bright fox-red colour, much lighter than the 

 deep red of the German rtibida, and thus justifies Staudinger's 

 description, although in quite a different way from the usual inter- 

 pretation of ochreous. Eiihl is the only author who has understood 

 Staudinger correctly. Seitz figures a pair, which evidently b§long to 

 the African second brood. Oberthiir [Et. Up. Comp.,111., t^. 24:2', 

 X., fig. 2299-2302] figures the African didyma under the name of 

 maiiretanica, including the two generations; I should restrict this name 

 to fig. 2301-2 of the first brood, and give the name occasus to the 

 second, .taking the other figures as " types" ; this is also Seitz's figures 

 of occidentalis ; the large size of the median row of black spots is the 

 distinguishing character of African races, transitional to deserticola, 



