SEASONAL POLYiVlOKPHISM. 195 



Breutliia herate, Schiff., race flokida, mihi. Staudinger and 

 nearly all authors credit Esper with this species, but the name first 

 appears in the List of the butterflies of Vienna, and Esper says he 

 figures specimens sent to him under that name. A series from Mt. 

 MuS'ine, near Turin, is? exactly similar to them. The Tuscan race is, 

 on the contrary, distinctly different by its larger size, especially in the 

 female sex, and probably by a reduction of the black pattern, although 

 there exists much individual variation in this respect. Males from 

 Florence vary from 85 to 40mm., females from 42 to 45mm. 



Isfioria lathonia, L., race emiflorens, mihi. In the Ent. Bee, 

 xxviii., p. 130 (1916), I suggested the name oi Jiorens for "the 

 commoner, larger, and brighter form, such as our Tuscan one " to 

 distinguish it from the small and pale specimens of northern localities, 

 to which the Linnean specimen belongs ; the first quotation after the 

 original description is Fauna Snecica, thus fixing the Scandinavian 

 race as nymotypical. I can now better define the variation of this 

 species. In the south seasonal dimorphism is very marked : the first 

 generation is quite similar to the northern race, except perhaps for the 

 brighter colour of some individuals. The other two broods differ 

 from it constantly by the very great reduction or total absence of the 

 greenish-black shading at the base of the wings above, as well as by 

 their large size and brighter colouring. The culminating form, with 

 no suffusion at base, black pattern reduced in extent, large size, such 

 as is found frequently in certain localities (types from Vallombrosa, 

 1000 m., and Mount Fanna, 600 m., near Florence), can be taken as 

 characteristic of florens. However, even in Tuscan localities (Bagni 

 di Lucca) this form may never be seen, and only transitional ones are 

 found, similar to the summer form of Central Europe ; thus, the new 

 name of enii/iorens becomes necessary for these races, decidedly less 

 conspicuous than those where liorens is abundant. Nyrnotypical 

 lathonia of the north and of the first brood of the south measure in 

 both sexes 30-38 mm. ; the summer broods of the south vary from 38 

 to 48 mm. 



Arjiyniiin ai/laja, L., race locuplks, mihi, and race emilocuples, 

 mihi. The Scandinavian race must be considered the nymotypical 

 one, because the Linnean specimen is evidently a northern one and 

 because the original description is followed by a quotation of the 

 description in Fauna Suecica. This race is transitional between 

 borealis, Strand, of the far north and those of Central Europe. The 

 latter differ from it by their much greater size, by the brighter and 

 warmer fulvous, by the lesser extent of the black pattern, by the more 

 extensive silver markings of the underside, and by the complete 

 absence of the female form with a whitish ground-colour and diffused 

 black pattern, which Tutt has called pallida and considers analogous 

 to valesina of paphia. This race must surely be distinguished and I 

 call it locuples, taking as typical my series from the Valdieri Baths, 

 1375m., in the Maritime Alps ; a few specimens I possess from the 

 Grand Saleve near Geneva, and from the Simplon seem to agree with 

 it. A series from Berlin fits in the gap between these Alpine and the 

 Scandinavian race, and is distinct enough a ..gradation to .be separated, 

 under the name of emilocuples. From the British Isles I possess 



