SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 197 



pattern mentioned above is less marked, because the former is washed 

 over more or less diffusedly with green scales in the basal half of the 

 wing and with pinkish scales in the external half, whilst the latter are of 

 a lighter green and distinctly yellowish in the male, or even quite yellow 

 in the basal half. In the South of Europe these characters of the 

 underside become more accentuated and on the same surface of the 

 forewings the black dots become smaller, shaded ofi" and reddish in 

 tinge ; individuals appear in variable numbers, according to localities, 

 in which the silvery band- like spaces are so limited and veiled over as 

 to become nearly imperceptible. To this individual form Seitz 

 correctly applies the name iuimacidata, Bellier, this author distinctly 

 stating in his original description that in the Corsican high mountain 

 locality, where his types had been collected, this was by no means the 

 most abundant form ; he also states that the bands were of a more or 

 less dark green. Staudinger describes his anarijyra as having the 

 underside yellowish, so that it is not a synonym of iinmaculata to 

 which he had himself condemned it in the last edition of his Catalog. 

 There are in the extreme parts of Southern Europe regions where 

 ananiyra is alone found or predominates, and where the underside of 

 the hindwings is distinctly of a light pea-green with a golden, instead 

 of a silvery, sheen, showing it is a transition to divea, Obth., of Algeria ; 

 to these races the name fl;w/r//(/?T( is evidently appropriate. The two 

 gradations of Central and of Southern Europe described above I 

 should call magnata and magnifica, taking respectively as typical a 

 series from Les Boutardieres (Maine-et-Loire), and a series from 

 Florence. The race magnata produces, par excellence, the form 

 valeuna ; magnifica produces it in a few regions, such as in Corsica 

 and at the Baths of Valdieri, but as a rule it does not. The race last 

 mentioned spreads all over peninsular Italy ; in the Isle of Elba and in 

 Sardinia it is replaced by anargyra. 



Pyrat)ieif: cardui, L., race universa, mihi. Linneus's quotation of 

 " Fauna Svecica " fixes the Scandinavian race as the nymotypical one. 

 It just happens that this is about the only local race produced by the 

 species in its world-wide area of distribution. [I cannot believe that 

 the minute characters on which Stichel in Seit's Gr.-Schm., grounds 

 his race japonica can be constant in Japan. Had his description been 

 more inclusive it could have been used for universa. As it is. it can only 

 stand for a special individual form — E.V.] . In the north of Europe the 

 black pattern has much more extent than anywhere else, so that the 

 apical and posterior patch of the forewing are in extreme individuals 

 joined together by a band (form conjtjncta mihi.), the basal half of hind- 

 wings is entirely black, except a round space beyond the cell, the eye- 

 spots are very large, shadowed and often confluent; the underside is also 

 of a peculiar dark chestnut colour ; very pale individuals of this race have 

 been called pallida, Schoyen. In the rest of the world, all the black 

 pattern is lesser in extent and not confluent, as described above, and 

 the underside varies from gray to ochreous yellow ; to be accurate this 

 world-wide race should be named, as a contrast to the northern one, 

 and I propose calling it universa, taking as typical a series from 

 Florence, which is as good a locality as many others in which the 

 extreme individual forms mentioned below are found in about equal 

 quantities, thus furnishing a fair medium. Although cardui does not 



