92 OSTEOLOGY [Parr IT. 
constricted part of the mandible, and then rises more rapidly to the same level, passing into the convex 
border of the core. The suture between the premaxillary and ento-nasal plate corresponds to a faint 
groove which passes forwards, and towards the centre of the stem attains its edge, thus defining the 
elongated triangular external segment of the ento-nasal plate, one inch eight lines long, and two lines and 
a half broad at its base; behind, it is continued upwards on the frontal slope, separating the inner margin of 
the nasal from the terminal extremity of the premaxillary nasal process ; in front, it advances on the under 
surface of this process, diverging from its edge ; it then bends more suddenly inwards for a short space, and 
about an inch from the distal extremity of the nasal process, retrogrades and speedily meets its fellow in the 
median line. The thin lancet-shaped extremities of the ento-nasal plates are thus defined, their apices bemg 
separated by the interposition of the nasal process ; the ento-nasal plates continue to meet as far backwards 
as the free edge of the inter-olfactory septum; but where the mesial beam covers that septum and the 
turbinated ale, they diverge to pass into the respective bodies of the nasals. This portion of the mesial 
beam is hence thinner and more flexible, and its upper surface, together with that of the adjacent ecto-nasal 
limbs, is excavated or thinned away in a semilunar tract, convex forwards, so as to give increased flexibility 
to the mandibular hinge; the greatest antero-posterior diameter of this tract is about eight lines, and it is 
minutely striated longitudinally. 
The depressed posterior moiety of the nasal process is thus supported by the ento-nasal plates, which 
are concave laterally and meet below in a crest subsiding behind; so that the mesial beam is carinate 
inferiorly in its central moiety, and its section triangular; a groove furrows the keel posteriorly. The 
primitive division of the nasal process is also indicated by a very faint mesial groove, more perceptible 
posteriorly on the frontal slope, anteriorly it traverses the floor of the depression on the flattened posterior 
portion of the convex border of the core. 
The wedge-shaped core supporting the short gnathotheca, is two inches long and about one inch 
four lines high in the centre; its greatest breadth is one inch one line. The lateral surfaces converge very 
gradually, are gently convex, and inferiorly towards the lower edge slightly impressed: a series of seven 
foramina occur on the right side, half an inch above the inferior border ; the anterior is the largest, and 
forms the termination of the vascular canal, whose entrance is seen at the rentrant angle, between the nasal 
and maxillary processes; short divergent offsets from it open outwards, giving rise to the other foramma 
of that range ; another set of four in number runs parallel to the upper border, the posterior is the largest, 
the anterior are narrow and slit-like, they are also the emergent orifices of vascular canals ascending from 
the primary one. Smaller foramina occur over the imtervening space, which is also minutely grooved by 
the impressions of venous radicles. The upper border is gently convex, flattened and grooved behind ; 
but sharper in front and prolonged into the feebly decurved apex, which is rounded off and not acuminated. 
The palatine surface is concave, and bounded laterally by sharp alveolar edges, which are slightly 
involute ; it is perforated by numerous large vascular apertures, and traversed by a mesial ridge; the 
palatine fissure grooves it posteriorly, widening out immediately before its termination to transmit the 
palatine nerves and vessels. The gently festooned alveolar edge is prolonged forwards into that of the 
apex, behind which it is concave inferiorly; it then descends towards the base of the core; and, lastly, rises 
into the line which separates the external surface of the lateral beam from the palatine tuberosity, which 
has its apex at the most constricted part of the mandible: this line ascends towards the root of the zygoma. 
The base of the mandible and the lateral stem anteriorly present indications, in the opened-out osseous 
texture, of the domesticated condition in which the individual lived. The posterior angles of the external 
nasal fissures are nearly obliterated by the increasing breadth of the mesial beam as it retrogrades, and are 
closed by cellulo-fibrous tissue ; the nostrils opening in front at the grooves formerly described. 
