INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 15 
ease, the plants were divided into six books: the first, a 
farrago of very dissimilar plants in alphabetical order: the 
second, flowers and umbelliferous plants: the third, medi- 
cinal roots, purgative plants, climbers, poisonous plants, 
ferns, mosses, fungi: the fourth, grain, pulse, grasses, wa- 
ter and marsh plants: the fifth, edibles, gourds, esculent 
roots, olera, thistles, and spinose plants: the sixth and 
last, shrubs and trees. Certes a most confused arrange- 
ment, but it showed the value of bringing the history of 
plants which resembled each other near together. 
Soon after the accession of Elizabeth, Dr. William Bul- 
lein published his “‘ Bulwark of Defence against all Sick- 
nesse, Suvarnesse, and Woundes that doe daily assaulte 
Mankinde.” He was, like Turner, a clergyman as well as 
a physician. Notwithstanding his high reputation, he 
underwent much prosecution from the brother of Sir 
Thomas Hilton, who accused him of murdering that gen- 
tleman, who had been the patron of Bullein, and who had 
died of a malignant fever.: Although his innocence was 
fully manifested, his prosecutor arrested him for a debt due 
to the deceased, and flung him into prison, where he wrote 
_a great part of his medical writings. In one of the parts 
of this collection of his writings he enumerates the virtues 
of British simples, partly from preceding writers, and partly 
from his own experience. On one point he is very pa- 
triotic, and he vindicates the fertility and climate of England 
with much ardour. 
Contemporary with Turner and Bullein was Dr. Thomas 
Penny, who was not only a botanist of repute, but was one 
of the first Englishmen who studied entomology. He pub- 
lished no works cf his own, but he furnished Gesner, 
Clusius, and Camerarius, with many communications re- 
lating to English botany; and his papers, which he left 
to Turner and Mouffet, formed the basis of the Theatrum 
Insectorum of the latter. 
Lobel, although a Fleming, passed the greater part of 
his life in England, where he was afterwards appointed 
botanist to King James the First. He published, con- 
jointly with Pena, the first edition of his Adversaria, in. 
1570, which afterwards underwent several improvements. 
In this work, the arrangement proposed by Dodonzeus 
was much improved, and an attempt made to form a na- 
tural arrangement in forty-four tribes; at the head of each 
of which is given a list of the plants belonging to it. He 
begins with the grasses, of which he describes a number of 
