54 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 
3, Duration. 
Annual, Caulis annuus. From: annual roots, and those 
biennials which do not throw up the stem till the second 
year. 
Perennial, perennis. ‘The stem of trees, shrubs, and 
undershrubs. 
4. Consistence. 
Woody, Caulis ligneus. Lasting many years, forming a 
solid wood. 
Herbaceous, herlaceus. Of a softer nature. 
‘Succulent, szcculentus. Orobanche major, Sempervi- 
vum tectorum. 
Pithy, medullaris. Filled with pith. Helianthus annuus, 
Sambucus humilis. 
Spongy,-spongiosus. FVilled with a compressible, elastic 
tissue, which retains moisture like a sponge. ‘Typha lati- 
folia, Zea Mays, Hypericum elodes. 
Solid, plenus, solidus. Having no internal cavity. Zea 
Mays, Orchis maculata, Saccharum officinale. 
Hollow, fistwlosus. Having in its middle, a cavity, either 
continued uninterrupted through the whole length, or 
parted in cells by midriffs. Equisetum, Gramineze, Orchis 
latifolia. Sonchus arvensis. 
5. Form. 
Cylindrical, Caulis cylindricus, teres. Long, the trans- 
verse section being circular; nearly the same size throughout 
the greatest part of its length. Chenopodium spinaci- 
folium, Abies, Stramonium foetidum. 
Lengthened, virgatus. Long, straight-lined, and weak; 
growing narrower from the bottom to the top. Campanula: 
esculenta, Reseda salicifolia, Althea officinalis. 
Flagelliform, fiagelliformis. Thin, and supple like a 
thong. Vinca major, Clematis Vitalba, Rubus saxatilis. 
Melon-shaped, meloniformis. Cactus Melocactus, Eu- 
phorbia cucumerina. 
Compressed, compressus. Flattened on two opposite 
sides, Poa compressa, Cactus Opuntia. 
Two-edged, anceps. Compressed with two sharp edges 
like a dagger. Androszemum officinale. 
Leaf-like, phylloideus. Flattened and herbaceous like 
leaves. Cactus Phyllanthus, Platylobium scolopendrium. 
Obtuse-angled, oltusé angulatus. When it has angles 
which are obtuse. Salvia pratensis, Melissa officinalis, 
