INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 57 
Creeping, repens, reptans. Spread upon the ground, and 
striking root in it. Veronica officinalis. Glechoma the- 
deracea, Potentilla reptans. . 
Climbing, scandens. Incapable of keeping itself upright 
without support, but raising itself by laying hold of other 
bodies. . 
a. by its own twisting. Cuscuta minor, Fagopyrum ca- 
rinatum, Convolvulus sepium. 
b. by tendrils. Vitis vinifera, Pisum. 
~.c. by holdfasts. Hedera communis. 
d. by the twisting of the leaf-stalks. Clematis Viticella. 
Twining from left to right, volubilis sinistrorsum. T.u- 
pulus communis, ‘T’'amus communis. 
Twining from right to left, volubilis dextrorsum. Con- 
volvulus sepium, Phaseolus vulgaris. 
Flexuose, flexuosus. Bent in various irregular directions. 
Aristolochia, Serpentaria, Solidago flexicaulis. 
Tortuous, tortuosus. Bent many times in different di- 
rections. Cuscuta minor, Cakile maritima. 
Straight, rectilineus, rectus. Without any bending. 
Lilium album, Rumex aquaticus, Verbascus decurrens. 
10. Clothing and appendages. _ 
Leafed, Cauwlis foliatus. Furnished with leaves, 
Leafless, aphyllus. Without leaves. Cassytha major. 
Sealy, squamosus. Furnished with leaves like scales. 
Orobanche major. Neottia abortiva. 
Sheathed, vaginatus. Clothed with sheaths formed by 
the bottom part of leaves. Graminez. 
Stipuled, sézpulutus. Furnished with stipules. Vicia 
sativa, Lathyrus aphyllus. 
Winged, alatus. Furnished lengthways with membra- 
nous or leafy expansions. Verbascum decurrens, Sym- 
phytum officinale, Lathyrus latifolius, Onopordum vul- 
are. Carduus palustris. 
Tendrilled, cirriferus. Furnished with tendrils. Vitis, 
Bryonia dioica. 
Rooting, radicans. ‘Throwing out roots by which it fixes 
itself. Hedera communis, Bignonia radicans. 
Naked, nudus. ‘Without leaves, scales or tendrils. Tees- 
dalia irregularis. 
-Bulbiferous, ludbiferus. ‘Throwing out bulbilli which 
fall off and take root. Cardamine bulbifera. 
11. Surface. 
Smooth, Cazlis levis. Tamus communis, Carduus are 
vensis, Fagus sylvatica. 
