INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 119. 
Scarious, scariosum. 'The bractese that form the invo- 
lucrum are thin, dry, semitransparent. Xeranthemum, 
Gnaphalinm Steechas, G. dioichum. 
Squarrose, squarrosum. Composed of stiff bracteze, close 
together, the upper part bent back. Cnicus cernuus, Car- 
duus pycnocephalus, Cynara Cardunculus. 
Spinous, spzmosum. The bracteze are armed with spines. 
Hippophestum vulgare, Silybum Mariz, Onopordum vul- 
are. 
Burlike, fish-hooked, lappaceum, hamosum. The bractez 
bend down at the tip like a fish-hook. Arctium. 
INVOLUCELLE. 
Involucellum. The bractee that are attached to umbellules, 
or the partial divisions. of compound flowers that have an 
_ involucrum attached to the whole assemblage. 
CALYCULE. 
Calyculus. An involucrum that is attached to a single 
flower, and adheres by its base to the true calyx. 
CoLuar. 
Collare. The involucrum of an umbel when composed of a 
single row of bractee, placed in a whirl. 
PERICLINE. 
Common calyx, Periclinium, Calyx communis, Perigy- 
nandra communis, Periphorantium. The involucrum of a 
true compound flower, surrounding the clinanthe. Compo- 
site.— The same as the involucrum calathidiflorum, men- 
tioned in the preceding page. - 
CUPULE. 
Cupula. An envelope containing the female flowers, never 
perfectly closed, and remaining attached to the fruit. 
One-flowered, Cupula uniflora. Ephedra, Taxus bac- 
cata, Pinus, Abies, Larix, Juniperus, Cupressus, Thuya, 
Corylus. 
Two-flowered, liflora. Fagus sylvatica. 
Three-flowered, triflora. Castanea vesca. 
§] Double, duplex. The inner woody, one-flowered; the 
exterior succulent, one or two-flowered, at first only a 
slight embossment, but grows larger, and assumes the form 
of a berry. Taxus baccata. . 
