412 
THE GARDENERS 
CHRONICLE. 
[N° 26 
the kind preserved _ tee plant was in this state. But | 
pe, et apatite * 
latter case nitric acid, is produced. Like all other sub- 
who can do otherwis' 
Of course these “Sai marks, although applicable to all 
ae spply principally to those which are difficult to 
—R. PF. 
ey RURAL CHEMISTRY.—No. XVI. 
Tri is unnecessary furt furt her to describe the metallic oxides 
and giv to the formation of new w compounds. 
i ioaeres Sealy take ae when — is rfoian 
pose 
This 
which is is aban utely “necessary to su ch change and the 
fore ma! 
E CORRESPONDENCE. 
Cookery o vo Vegetables =I is Sr Na little use to ed 
good an if we do w how to _cook them 
Now. 
Ea 
e 
1 
it be kept dry. Wh 
+ 
siden an the gluten is igre ee in conse 
t, whose cooks are either reign, or are taught the 
I think 
duties, they either aor or rot. ‘Albumen is bar 
milar to 
and is si 
at nine tables out of ten, poset boiled is the alpha ‘and the 
mint 
) 
| composition, being Pp 
it is, however, d 
the most important i in relation to plants ; the other oxides, 
though very important i — —_ are scarcely ever found 
in the soil, or in any vegetable substances. ‘W at has bee 
said of iron is, however, srk speaking, dome t 
the other metals ; they all have a cm S powe! 
affinity for oxygen, and r prope ail com- 
bine with it: so _ so stro ty for it that 
bad are able to se water, ani rapes ya pag 
mpose and 
exposed to the meather > others again are unable 
bine with ‘it at common tempe ratures, but oxidise genes 
> 
h dis. 
tfrom that a and has not the adhesive 
peas, and _ d butter to beans, the e only ortho- 
dox sauce. formation in a system of cookery would 
that they are unable to aneerd with it unless under the 
most fa vourable circumstances, such as for example whe 
h 
whic! 
of oxygen it contains, is a very powerful oxidising agent, 
otato. Whe en a solution of (Starch _is kept for some 
fine 
inguish it seem to be slow; but I Sag a potatts nay be done 
ra elastic Ts of gluten; whilst decaying, ho i 
undergoe similar changes, and evolves” he d fy d remarks on 
anes tances. dificati f glut th Ki vegetabl if not, T shall re time to time 
paste in consequence of which they have “eeeived a trans 
iff ccording | You ‘would "do the state ‘some service,” if oi 
to a ‘plants from which they are obtained his con- esi of ania yee could kre nr our g's . 
tained i in almost all plants. It is white, ingle in cold, | unpalatable gah “raw, are green paste, 
hot water, and consists hae a which so often make: ‘cock an additio n to an 
po and carbon—rather ess than one- nif En — dinne 
a keep his promise. We will lies ne for we are, like 
it | hi of the messes called cooked 
uo exists in very large Sears in the herrvis ‘of te vegetables. ] 
_ Wa ter Filters.—In a recent number of the Gardeners’ 
Some of t 
portion, whilst others gba rmep in two or more relative 
Lh ag eg mgr form — oxides. iy for il 
hi elted o 
converted into sugar starch is s aueely 
hea) ted, it is also greatly ateced ne 3 converted into 
ing and filtering rain-water. Itisa subject of considerable 
when b ane 
expo! he ai | } 
. | “et yl 
e properties of gum. baie 
the name of gum are {ncluded sever ral substances which 
for calling your attention to the subject. ‘The plan of 
d consid p pe all agree in 
litharge; this is an oxide of pony and if it the rept hte being tas ren or nearly so; but some, like gum arabic, 
it anneche an additional quantity o of Pe aa are soluble in water, fo: orming a clear transparent solution ; 
into a brilliant red a others, like the cherry-tree gum, soluble, 
this is a second oxide, and c oxygen ing up and forming a gelatinous a i; sega’ 
lit “ari does. Besides these us nope Sg ere is yet a a of the same elements as starch, but contains rather more 
n. 
third y merely heating red lead 
and exposing it to_ the air, but which i is easily made by 
oxyge: 
Sugar, th 
or gum, is found in a number of 
of oxygen, and becomes dark brown. These oxides are 
not all bases; they are not all able t 
t 
piri rere by its sweet taste; its properties differ ‘con- 
poe form salts, bat or only one, or sometimes 
of the oxides of a metal are bases : th us, only one othe 
three oxides of lead, that containing least oxygen, is a 
hase, and when combined with carbonic acid, forms ¥ white 
sidera! 
improvem ent. About a month ago, I had a filter made 
for the perpos e of filtering rai grin for domestic use ; 
the plan 5 ested to iend, and as it 
answers seahea thought a ‘modication of it would be 
oy table for tanks of large size. Enclosed you havea plan, 
id the followin of it :—A A is the floor 
wing is a description 
Zz 
if 
< say 
talliz — ats: those pe uncrys' stalliza oh: : “tha is to 
than any other we are acquainted with s the | be th ined, but alwa: id lik cl 
ys . visci e treacle. 
manufacture pri paint. The other two oxides of are | Sugar consists of f oxyEem, a ad carbon united in 
ble to combine with acids dt) when acted proportions som but 
m by strong acids, they ith some of the oxygen | ing s plat fom w which it is ob- 
tain, and are then able combine with the acid pe i 
being converted into the mag, ara tay | ano a base. SES 
We have now ve iefly yi through of the COTTAG vi — —No. XXIII. 
principal sul eos which are 0 Hinson sor oo Some ey t now be got ready = Boe young 
vegetable chemistry ; but ing on the action | Celery plants that ws pricked out saber cape 
which these substances have e of plants, we | directed at page 324. In e gardens, 
must oiomnds a nature of i neu substances | not an object, Celery is usually grown in ba shag pe 
e the growing 
— a et apart 5 bu ut in the. limited space of a cottage 
cellular and fibrous matter which form the mass of pins my vegetable. The one we should recommend would | 
and indeed this is not desirable, as w haxe. onl 0 do | be to form a trench in an open compartment four feet | 
with the chemical differences between these various gee ide d about a foot deep, placing the earth as it is 
stances, and n th their mechanical structure and | taken of it for convenience in re 
fanctions. When pia examine a plant chemically, we find | after-c tot mark off rows oss the trench 
that a large part of its weet consists of water, which is | 18 or 20 inches apart, and dig them a spade in width of any large tank 3 BB, a circular wall (4} in pags Ted 4 ft. 
— to its life and growth. Wh r has been | and five or six inches deep. Fill th au , and 1 ft. high built upon it; ce, a 
pans Se remainder | prepared dung and earth mixed together, and insert the | cask, which rests upon a layer of stone e chippi ings, a shot 
most a plants along the centre of each row six inches distant 
iced the four elements, oxygen, hydro- | from one — nar give as a good watering after-| the whole of the space within the circular aS 
gen, ee nitrogen, or some of them, combined | wards. In ri ng Celery from the place where it was | leaden vessel 12 sc — and 9 deep, set upon ‘te 
—— bok cr . these | first aoe sini en not to injure the botto ttom o! of the wine-pi ipe; a pum p fix fixed i inside ; fing 
pee fy pg: oe ea aa : = wh: - leaves or to break the balls adhering to th ts of t witl 
‘ plants, 1s yi s but as ~ “3 as possible. ere will be no | th ular wall ; 
lignin, or woody fibre. It is a compound of ve all 
hydrogen, and carbon, rather more 4 half di wags cukete mn ae SS a wae heme “al co tet ar Pipe - round, biog it is intended “ss prevent se Se with 
bei ig solid carbon. Woody fibre, or lignin, i isa ae = they w ricked out, as the t half t 
have x a gual ‘hoor site down into = oy of = water. The erat * the win ne is 
fine threads or fibres, perfectly insoluble in water, sia: not 
dry 
which they otherwise | would have done, and be now so 
and 
in any w ay acted on by dry air. When heited if soc Pm ear ees with the same number | of ina ab 
rns brown, owing to a position ; for isuck being tak ithout space 0 ai other 
- = 3 g g en up withou any danger besides « slight tem- ver all is then filled w Ok Calain or 
seat eek cae is united — oxygen and hydrogen its poner check, from which they recover in a day or | fine inten ter of the ail, Tt will be seen that by 
colour is lost, pon issetat aber abe apie tlie aad oth ides the wine-pipe (inside 
ines “Saat this: Wk  coaly rty, it always we early Potatoes will now be fit for use ; and as soon | out), there cannot be any displacement e it by the water 
ie ~ a part of the ground which was occupied KA — or | in its h it, as would be the case if placed 
ey, catches agg burn ere a Sealy bright bet any other spring crop, can be obtained, le t be i im- a e moti f the in its 
‘ ng as ee 3 paltry ‘of its com > Wi | mediately dug over and Shed. with Yecks: enastae i RE the arrows. When 
= > acid ; and it is remarkable pores se ikes a rich, light so’ ter, mT istern fails in its action, w will be many ger 
‘ons | centl d, and is therefore weil suited for follow- it about an 
to form water if they were to combine together, geoj the | ing one of thee meme crops. As it 3 = reek | ft ses hoes ip replace it yc ike aig The average 
carbon wi ere. Temoved. Ww hen woody fibre is exposed to the re large and nicely w hitened, it is <ensrabts to quantity of rain-water per month for the whole year 15 
water, it undergoes, as has been ndto | said to be 1.850 inches; the average quanti for the 
era stated, a change somewhat similar to combustion ; insert the lat in the bottom of it six inches aks and } summer months will therefore be 1.887 inches, which gives 
least in both cases carbonic acid and water are fo rmed. one, which = 270 cubic inches, sa imperial gallon or So bl a 
‘The most important of the remaining substances i ble th ds to be earthed up. gro incl ten 
Savas in edition to mead; & - of pats, he ing z bees a = Hemp 3 crop, we should always arand so that Dy ition tks site on which wo Hee ot 
° , trowel bei her building stands into square feet, we : 
br psa ~iee e , Gum, and S - with r. The latter should never be em ber of gallons of ‘ace which falls upon it eee 
tities pecaliane these, all plants contain small quan- | unles purpose of pricking out month during the -—for example, a building iu 
louse niateone sang pr yee .38 oils, resins, co- | small pl such as ces. k to the Potaioe long by 10 broad, contains 200 square feet Peerer fall 
di crite. te ; Telos cag whe and earthy - | Onions, which if planted in the latter end of February the number in which ficient 
the seeds of- wheat Pay of many seeds, begin: arch, will no ripe and z iz time : this quantity is amply suificien is 
prema 7 Saris}; Tye, %c-,andis therefore acom-jup. T: hem a little at the neek, and le re-'| for ti oe aocala ed but few plants. 
ponent part of bread, and man other articles of food. | mai ies or days wield Miia: eteiag} del ishments the water might be collected from 
Gluten is insoluble in cold water, but when moist, is re- TT so hy te Sega acd ee bh as sheds, &c., and. why not the 
arkable for its elasticity and adhesty 3 giving to orf gree ‘ ss hg Ar airy | other ale if pro « water-tight drains, 
mon wheat-flour paste the PF = which tender it |" Water the New Zealand Sp Spinach, a3 well as the V such as drain-tiles inverted and ed in Roman cement, 
so usefal for a variety of purp 7 of table Marrow and The | tte ege- t _abundance of 
, hydrogen, peer and nitrogen ; BE 
its combustion or decay, ammonia, and sometimes 
