140 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [ AUGUST 
affinities. Its very ancient character is pointed out, the type possibly merg- 
ing with the Cordaitales in the Paleozoic. During the Mesozoic and Tertiary 
Gingko and its allied forms had a remarkable geographical range, represents 
tives having been discovered in almost all parts of the world. 
It is of interest to note that the usual statement that Gingko does n0t 
occur in the wild state is contradicted, several fine specimens having been 
found by Mrs. Bishop (Miss Bird) “in the magnificent forests which surround 
the sources of the Gold river and the smaller Min in western China,”—J. MC 
THE ANATOMY of galls has been recently investigated by Kiister.5* The 
paper treats also of the development and morphology of these pecilliat 
structures. Great attention is paid to galls produced by insects, but thos 
which are due to myxomycetes, fungi, alge, or worms are considered 
incidentally. 
The principal results are the following: the simplest structure is fount 
where the growth of the infected part is superficial, but widespread histolog" 
cal changes occur when there is growth in thickness, Galls which 7 
through the enlargement of cells already present are very primitive in thelr 
anatomical structure. s 
The epidermis withstands for the longest time the influence of the irl 
tion, the mesophyll, cortex, and pith being more easily affected, The upper 
side of the leaf seems less liable to change than the lower. The most 
important change in the epidermis is the formation of hairs. Stomata ote? 
remain permanently open, and in some cases genuine lenticels are forme! 
underneath them a 
Experimental plant physiology has not yet succeeded in produc ae 
organs or new cell formations. Galls furnish the only evidence that 2 PP 
through artificial external influences can produce new tissue forms o ae 
forms.— Cuas. J. CHAMBERLAIN. ik 
«us ids 
Dr. R. H. True, continuing his studies upon the toxicity of ac Fig 
salts, finds*5> that, given the degree of ionization of an aci and ! 
: a 
a S* KUSTER, ERNST: Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Gallenanatomie. Flora 87 
3. 1900. 
b : ; : jum 
=° FkUR, ROH: The toxic action of a series of acids and of thelr sodi 
on Lupinus albus. Am, Jour. Sci. IV. 9: 183-192. 1900. * 
