186 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [SEPTEMBER 
Corydalis nobilis Pers., C. ochroleuca Koch, Salvia pratensis 
Aconitum Lycoctonum L., and Sedum Aizoon L. 1 observed it in 
Scabiosa arvensis L. and saw a fission into four cords also inthe 
subterranean stem of Gentiana puberula Michx. 
In addition, I have noticed in MNothocaleis cuspidata a daily 
opening and closing of the flower heads. My observations wett 
made between May 1 and 15, in sunny, moderately warm, windy 
weather on the prairie near Lincoln, Nebraska, where this plant 
grows naturally. The heads begin to open at 7 A. ™., and are 
at 9 a. M. fully expanded. They remain so till 3p %.@ 
which time they begin to close again. At 4:30 P.M. they ae 
all closed, and they stay so during the night. 
All the plants mentioned, furnished with a deep tap rok 
confined to the place they occupied when germinating. Besides, 
they lack vegetative multiplication, their only means of propag 
tion being by seeds. Perennials of this type are exceeding!) 
numerous on the prairie. Nevertheless, other forms occur als, 
like Helianthus scaberrimus, with long, horizontal rhizomes, 5 
means of which they are enabled not only to change thett place 
but also to multiply vegetatively. % 
Helianthus scaberrimus FE\l., as found in early spring, pi 
of a subterranean shoot 2 to 4™ long, horizontal or Be - 
at its end, furnished with about twelve long rigid roots, Gs 
obliquely downwards and forwards. At the end of Api 
terminal bud of the rhizome leaves out, forming imme™ pe 
long internodes, the first of which bear scale leaves. ™ 
middle of May, from the stem nodes between the roots: 
from the axils of the scale leaves above them, 
Tunners start. These take up a horizontal direction 
growing till August, attaining a length of from 
Like the leaves of the aerial stem, the scales 0 
and coll 
50 to 
protecting it during its way through the earth. The 
to 3mm thick and consists of about twenty interno ; 
of which may measure 8°", The last four or five intern 
the runner are very short, and this stout end-portion ' 
