438 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [DECEMBER 
made a rapid growth. Throughout the forest area are patches in 
which Aronia nigra, Vaccinium corymbosum, and Ilicioides mucronata 
stand so thickly as to be almost impenetrable. Where the forest has 
been but slightly disturbed and the tamaracks are more or less 
scattered, one finds a deep carpet of sphagnum with slender stems 
of cassandra, andromeda, and Eriophorum virginicum rising through 
it. Clusters of Sarracenia purpurea are common. The other plants 
found in this society are Trientalis americana, Unifolium canadense, 
Coptis trifolia, Rumex Acetosella, Rubus strigosus, Dryopteris 
spinulosa intermedia, Osmunda cinnamomea, Viola blanda, Impa- 
tiens biflora, Solanum dulcamara, Thelephora intybacea, Poly- 
trichum juniperinum, Sambucus pubens, Agrostis alba, Blephari- 
glottis lacera, Cornus candidissima, and Cicuta maculata. 
Clearing society.—Surrounding the forest on the east, south, and 
west sides is a large area, in part dominated by sedges and grasses, 
and in part by a typical “‘slashing.” It is impossible to characterize 
this plant association by any particular species. All that have been 
thus far mentioned occur in scattered clusters, the proportions and 
dominant plants varying from one locality to another. The notable 
facts are that on the east side Carex teretiuscula, C. vulpinoidea, 
C. riparia, C. filiformis, Scirpus cyperinus, Calamagrostis canadensis, 
Aster Novae-Angliae, Eupatorium perfoliatum, and Aster junceus 
have become the most abundant forms. To the west of the lake 
these plants are present, but the taller shrubs are in control. Salix 
discolor, Cornus stolonifera, Salix Bebbiana, S. sericea, and many 
others already mentioned as occurring among the tamaracks are 
present. 
The second lake and the more northerly one is bordered by an 
exceedingly narrow zone of low-growing plants. The dominant 
species are Decodon verticillatus and Typha latifolia. Chamae- 
daphne calyculata, Carex riparia, Panicularia canadensis, and 
Bromus Kalmii are of secondary importance. The trees come almost 
to the water’s edge. The proportion of red maples among the 
tamaracks and birches is considerably greater than in the vicinity 
of the other lake. Otherwise the tree society is essentially the same. 
We have illustrated, then, in the bogs at West Lake, First sister 
Lake, and Delhi, three stages in the filling of old lake basins. We 
