440 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [DECEMBER 
rounded by hills 25 to 30 feet (7.5-9™) in height above the bog level. 
During wet weather it has a shallow outlet to the southwest. The 
land surrounding it has all been cleared and is now under cultiva- 
tion. As shown by other timber areas in the vicinity, it is probable 
that the original upland timber was made up in part of Pinus strobus, 
Quercus coccinea, and Betula papyrifera. 
Bog-sedge society.—Toward the center of the bog is a considerable 
area in which the water level lies just at the surface. The sphagnum 
is for the most part submerged, and the dominant plants are Carex 
oligosperma and Scheuchzeria palustris. Occasional plants of the 
following society are scattered throughout. 
Bog-shrub society.—While this zone is characterized by Chamae- 
daphne calyculata, Sphagnum cymbifolium, S. recurvum, and S. 
subsecundum, young and dwarfed specimens of the spruce, tamarack, 
and pine are present in large numbers. The surface formed by the 
sphagnum is exceedingly rough and marked by hummocks. Among 
the depressions Eriophorum virginicum, E. vaginatum, Andromeda 
polifolia, Sarracenia purpurea, and Oxycoccus macrocarpus are 
abundant. 
Tamarack-s pruce society.—This society forms a zone completely 
surrounding the shrub society, and is dominated by trees of Larix 
laricina and Picea Mariana. Occasional specimens of Pinus Strobus 
are found, especially toward the southwest corner, where the sub- 
stratum is somewhat higher than elsewhere. Beneath the trees is 
an almost impenetrable tangle of shrubs, especially Vaccinium 
corymbosum and Ilicioides mucronata. The substratum is prac- 
tically bare of lower vegetation. An occasional mat of Aulacomnium 
palustre may be found at the tree bases. That this society will come 
into possession of the central bog area is certainly indicated by the 
great numbers of young trees among the bog shrubs. 
Willow-sedge society—As usual in the clearing of the adjacent 
land, the larger trees of the bog margin were also removed, and in 
their stead has come up a growth of willows. The dominant plants 
of this zone are Salix sericea, Cornus stolonifera, Spiraea salicifolia, 
Salix discolor, Carex riparia, and C. stipata. Associated with these 
Plants are Sambucus pubens, Salix nigra, Iris versicolor, Populus 
monilifera, Dryopteris spinulosa intermedia, Osmunda cinnamomea, 
