442 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [DECEMBER 
one-tenth of an acre (fig. ro). On the south, west, and north sides 
it is bordered by clay hills which rise 25 to 4o feet (7.5-12™) above 
the bog level. The vegetation of the hills is dominated by Quercus 
velutina, Q. alba, and Q. rubra. With these trees occur Hicoria 
ovata, Hamamelis virginiana, etc. 
On the north side the upland has been cleared, and the land is 
now under cultiva- 
tion. From time to 
time tamaracks have 
been removed from 
the bog, until at the 
present time only the 
central area remains 
to indicate the origi- 
nal covering. Accom- 
panying the clearing 
See there has grown up 
ee! about the tamaracks 
the usual thicket of 
‘shrubs and young 
trees. As elsewhere, the peat is more thoroughly decayed and the 
substratum level somewhat lower about the margin than toward the 
center. This fact is of importance in differentiating the willow-sedge 
society. 
Tamarack society.—This society is dominated by the group of 
rather mature tamaracks. The substratum has the characteristic 
hummocky surface, marked by large exposed roots, common to such 
areas. It is overlaid by a loose covering of vegetable matter, made 
up principally of tamarack needles. The undergrowth is sparse, 
but most of the bog shrubs and herbs are represented. The = 
important species are Chamaedaphne calyculata, Sphagnum cymbi- 
folium, S. recurvum, S. subsecundum, Eriophorum virginianum, 
and Lycopus virginicus. A very noticeable growth about the base 
of most of the shrubs is produced by the fungus, Thelephora inty- 
bacea. The mycelium in developing its sporophores rises about 
the stems, frequently to a height of a foot (25°). From the cy linder 
thus formed, irregular fan-shaped pilei are developed, which gives 
Fic. 10.—Bog on Carpenter road. 
