1900] FLORA OF THE WHITE LAKE REGION 427 
The immediate shores of White lake differed considerably 
in the character of the flora on opposite sides. On the north 
side was a flat strip of sandy ground, slightly above the level of 
the water and lying between it and the bluffy shore. It was low 
enough to be subject to wave action when the winds were strong, 
or to freshets when the water of the river was high. Here shrubs 
were scarcely seen, the plants being those of wet sand and shallow 
pools. Lobelia Kalmii was very common. Other representative 
plants were Gerardia purpurea, G. paupercula, Spiranthes cernua, 
Parnassia Caroliniana, Juncus Balticus, J. Richardsonianus, and 
Carex viridula. Inthe shallow pools Proserpinaca palustris and 
Potamogeton heterophyllus occurred, the last becoming terrestrial 
by the drying away of the water. There were similar strips on 
the south shore, but between the immediate shore and the bluff 
there were often areas of swampy or boggy land overgrown with 
willow, alder, and white cedar, dense thickets which showed the 
influence of the adjacent springs, or of water seeping out from 
the banks above the clay. 
The active dunes had the scanty flora so characteristic of 
those about Lake Michigan, The plants observed at White lake 
were mainly Calamagrostis longifolia, Cakile Americana, Euphorbia 
polygonifolia, Corispermum hyssopifolium, Carduus Pitcheri, Solidago 
Virgaurea var. Gilmani, Salix adenophylla, S. glaucophylla, Cornus 
Baileyi, C. stolonifera, and Prunus pumila. As the advance of the 
dune was very slow the shrubs and perennial plants were not 
infrequent on the windward side among the annuals much above 
the base of the dune, showing the ability of the seed to sprout 
and take root in the sand much exposed to wind action. 
In fact the favorite place of Carduus Pitcheri is everywhere on 
the windward side of a wind-swept area. 
In the lower area of the active dune region lying between the 
southward bend of White lake and the shore of Lake Michigan, 
the two above mentioned willows were accompanied by Saliz 
longifolia. Here, as frequently elsewhere along the shore, Salix 
Slaucophylla had very small much thickened leaves an inch or 
two long by half an inch or less wide. Aypericum Kalmianum 
