noble: avifauna of Newfoundland. 545 



that the continental shelf formed in the late Pleistocene and even 

 later a nearly continuous although somewhat interrupted floor from 

 New Jersey and southern New England, by way of Sable Island and 

 the Grand Banks, to southern and eastern Newfoundland. And 

 upon this floor the southern flora and fauna migrated to Newfound- 

 land; but the unfavorable conditions of a sand-floor with meager 

 forest and coastal plain bogs and barrens proved unattractive to the 

 life of our rich Canadian forest, with the result that the forest species 

 both of animals and plants, or the species which demand rich or basic 

 soils, were for the most part unable to cross to Newfoundland." 



The following tables of species of birds are intended to show the 

 probable affinities between the Newfoundland and mainland avi- 

 faunas. It is to be noted that in order to bear out the hypothesis of a 

 former barrier beach fauna, more weight must be placed on the nega- 

 tive than positive e\'idence. Newfoundland avifauna is more peculiar 

 in the birds lacking than in those present. 



1. Birds indigenous or otherwise, present in Newfoundland, but 

 absent from Labrador. 



1. Having southern affinities. 



1. Mourning Warbler. 



2. Black and White Warbler. 



3. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. 



4. Acadian Chickadee. 



5. Newfoundland Oven-bird. 



6. Newfoundland Yellow Warbler. 



2. Having northern affinities. 



1. Allen's Ptarmigan. 



2. Welch's Ptarmigan. 



3. Newfoimdland Hairy Woodpecker. 



4. Newfoundland Jay. 



5. Newfoundland Pine Grosbeak. 



3. Having western affinities. 



1. Willow Thrush. 



2. Newfoundland Crossbill. 



2. Birds absent from Newfoundland but occurring in Labrador, 

 excluding wide ranging transients and those species represented in 

 Newfoundland by geographic races. 



1. Canadian Ruffed Grouse. 



2. Spruce Partridge. 



