Tables 132-135. 



MISCELLANEOUS SOUND DATA. 



TABLE 132. — A Fundamental Tone, Its Harmonics (Overtones) and the Nearest 

 Tone of the Equal-tempered Scale. 



149 



No. of partial 



Frequency 



Nearest tempered note. . 

 Corresponding frequency 



No. of partial 



Frequency 



Nearest tempered note. . , 

 Corresponding frequency 



129 

 C 

 129 



1423 

 Gb 

 1463 



259 

 C 

 259 



ISS2 



G 



1550 



G 



388 



13 

 i68r 



1642 



4 

 517 



c 



SI7 



14 

 18II 



1843 



S 

 647 

 E 

 652 



IS 

 1940 



B 

 I9S3 



6 

 776 



G 

 775 



16 



2069 



C 



2069 



7 

 90s 

 B> 

 922 



17 

 2199 



103s 



C 

 I03S 



18 



2328 



D 



2323 



9 



1164 



D 

 1164 



19 



2457 



2461 



1293 



E 

 1293 



E 

 2607 



Note. — Overtones of frequencies not exact multiples of the fundamental are sometimes called inharmonic partials. 

 TABLE 133. — Relative Strength of the Partials in Various Musical Instruments. 



The values given are for tones of medium loudness. Individual tones vary greatly in quality and, therefore, in 

 loudness. 



TABLE 134. — Characteristics of the Vowels. 



The larynx generates a fundamental tone of a chosen pitch with some 20 partials, usually of low intensity. The 

 particular partial, or partials, most nearly in unison with the mouth cavity is greatly strengthened by resonance. Each 

 vowel, for a given mouth, is characterized by a particular fixed pitch, or pitches, of resonance corresponding to that 

 vowel's definite form of mouth cavity. These pitches may be judged by whispering the vowels. It is difficult to sing 

 vowels true above the corresponding pitches. The greater part of the energy or loudness of a vowel of a chosen pitch 

 is in those partials reinforced by resonance. The vowels may be divided into two classes, — the first having one char- 

 acteristic resonance region, the second, two. The reoresentative pitches of maximum resonance of a mouth cavity 

 for selected vowels in each group are given in the following table. 



TABLE 136. — Miscellaneous Sound Data. 



Koenig's temperature coefficient for the frequency (n) of forks is nearly the same for all pitches. n< = 

 »lo(i — 0.00011/° C), Ann. d. Phys. 9, p. 408, iSSo. 



Vibration frequencies for continuous sound sensations are practically the same as for continuous light sensaton, 

 10 or more per second. Helmholtz' value of 32 per sec. may be taken as the flick sr value for the ear. Moving piclures 

 use 16 or more per sec. For light the number varies with the intensity. 



Pitch limits of voice: 60 to 1200 vibrations per second. tSee albo page 440.) 



Piano pitch Ihnits: 27.2 to 413S.4 v. per sec. (over 7 octaves). 



Organ pitch limits: 16 (32 ft. pipe), sometimes 8 (64 ft.) to 4138 (i J in.) (9 octaves). 



Ear can detect frequencies of 20,000 to 30,000 v. per sec. Koenig, by means of dust figures, measured sounds from 

 steel forks with frequencies up to 90,000. 



The quality of a musical tone depends solely on the number and relative strength of its partials (simple tones) and 

 probably not at all on their phases. 



The wave-lengths of sound issuing from a closed pipe of length L are 4X, 4^/3, 4L/S, etc., and from an open pipe, 

 2L, 2L/2, 2L/3, etc. The end correction for a pipe with a flange is such that the antinode is 0.82 X radius of pipe 

 beyond the end; with no flange the correction is 0.57 X radius of pipe. 



The energy of a pure sine wave is proportional to n-A-; the energy per cm^ is on the average 2pTr-U'^A-/\-; the energy 

 passing per sec. through i cm^ perpendicular to direction of propagation is 2pTi-U'^A-/\^; the pressure is \{y + i) 

 (average energy per cm'); where n is the vibration number per sec., X the wave-length, A the amplitude, V the veloc- 

 ity of sound, p the density of the medium, 7 the specific heat ratio. Altberg (Ann. d. Phys. 11, p. 405, 1903) measured 

 sound-wave pressures of the order of 0.24 dynes/cm* = 0.00018 mm Hg. 



Smithsonian Tables. 



& 



