118 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology. 



Zunge," for Lysiopetalum and Craspedosoraa respectively, as well as 

 two lateral lobes, or " Zungenlappeu " (lobi liiiguales). These structures, 

 although united with the gnathochilarium, are probably homologous 

 with the separated lingua and supei'lingUEe of Apterj'gota, but, in the 

 absence of the necessary embryological investigations, that is all that 

 may be said. 



In the Chilopoda no structure analogous to the hypopharynx appears 

 to be known. 



The " superlinguse " of insects are homologous wnth the first maxillce 

 of Crustacea. In Anurida I have found (Plate 4, Figure 28, suHng.) a 

 distinct primitive ganglion — the fifth — for the superlinguae, represent- 

 ing the fifth, or first maxillary, ganglion of decapod Crustacea. This 

 ganglion is eventually incorporated with the subojsophageal ganglion, 

 and no superlingual nerves develop. Moreover, the superlingUcB origi- 

 nate between the mandibles and so-called " first maxilUe " of Anurida. 

 The superlingual fundaments, however, never become biramous — an 

 exopodite or palpus does not appear — and are not segmented, like the 

 Crustacean first maxillae. In fact, they are much reduced structurally 

 and functionally in Apterygota, and gradually I'educed to disappearance 

 in ascending the Pterygote scale. 



Hansen ('93) regarded the superlinguae — or " maxillulse," as he termed 

 them — from their position, as eqiiivalent to the Crustacean first maxilljp, 

 emphasizing the opinion of v. Stummer-Traunfels ('91) that the super- 

 linguae bore palpi. The latter argument cannot be used, however, be- 

 cause, as I show (p. 121), the palpi in question belong to the "first 

 maxillee." 



The lingua, usually termed "hypopharynx " among insects, may easily 

 be homologized with the hypopharynx of Malacostraca. It originates 

 quite independently of the superlinguae as a median, unpaired papilla, is 

 not supplied with a primitive ganglion or distinct nerves, and can no 

 more be regarded as a distinct segment than can the labrum. In 

 Orchesella and Anurida it finally becomes distinctly bilobed by a median 

 groove, but the bilateral condition is clearly secondary. Packard's evi- 

 dence ('98, pp. 82-83) that the hypopharynx is " composed of, or sup- 

 ported by, two bilaterally symmetrical styles both in Myriapods and in 

 insects" has little weight, in view of "what I have found to be the devel- 

 opment of these " lingual stalks." 



The hypopharynx of insects, then, is a compound structure, the com- 

 ponents of which originate independently. The median ventral lingua, 

 like the labrum, does not represent a pair of appendages ; the dorso- 



