132 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 



Muhr ("77, p. 9) and by Schaum ('61, p. 84). In Anurida the whole gular 

 I'egiou, excepting the terminal lobes and palpi, represents the undifferen- 

 tiated gula, submentum, mentum, and palpifers ; therefore the gula in 

 Orthoptera may be regarded as the united cardines, and the submentum, 

 mentum, and palpifers, as stipal derivatives. It will be seen that my view 

 differs from those accepted and defended by Packard ('98, p. 69) and 

 others ; but it is supported by embryological evidence, while the other 

 views are not. It may safely be predicted that the apparently unpaired 

 gula of Orthoptera will be shown to originate from paired fundaments, 

 as I have found it to do in Anurida. 



If these homologies between Collembola, Thysanura, and Orthoptera 

 are accepted, their extension from the last group to other Pterygote 

 ordei's is not difficult, even though the desirable embryological verifica- 

 tions are still wanting. 



Tliere is an unfortunate confusion of terminology regarding the mouth- 

 parts of insects. The homologies are much obscured, but less by the 

 use of different terms for homologous parts, than by the use of the same 

 name for parts which ai*e not homologous. " Paraglossoe " and "ligula" 

 are cases in point. To most entomologists " paraglosste " mean indiffer- 

 ently the labial lobes homodynamic with the galese and the lacinise of 

 the first maxillse, or else mean the galeal lobes alone, while " ligula " or 

 " glossa " signifies the lacinial lobes, often more or less fused into a 

 median organ; in fact, "ligula" is often used synonymously with 

 " labium " in reference to manj' Coleoptera (Le Conte and Horn, "83, 

 p. xviii). " Ligula," however, is often made a synonym of " lingua " 

 (Packard, '98, p. 68), and the latter term, of "hypopharynx." In my 

 opinion, the term " lingua " should be restricted to the median, un- 

 paired constituent of the hypopharynx ; for the " hypopharynx " of cer- 

 tain insects often bears two dorso-lateral lobes which in more generalized . 

 insects are not only free from the lingua, but quite distinct from it in 

 origin (as proved by myself in Anurida and by Uzel in Campodea), and 

 these dorso-lateral appendages are most frequently called " paraglossse," 

 upon assumptions which are not sustained by embryology, as I sliall 

 presently show. 



As the terms " paraglossse " and " ligula," or " glossa," are irremov- 

 ably fixed, as applied to labial structures, they should not be used for 

 anything else. It is both unnecessary and impossible to displace the 

 term " hypopharynx," but it is necessary to recognize the overlooked 

 fact that the " hypopharynx " is frequently a compound organ, to tlic 

 ventral and median component of which the term " lingua " may well 



