HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEEP-SEA WORK. 45 



arguments of Dr. Wallicli would not have waited so many years 

 for the recognition to which they were so justly entitled, and the 

 bearing of which the French naturalist fully perceived. 



Of the more important of the early publications which have 

 little by little called attention to the presence of animal life at 

 great depths, we may mention, in addition to those of the Rosses, 

 the later (1853) papers of Professor Bailey of West Point, who 

 examined the soundings submitted to him in 1850 by Professor 

 Bache, the superintendent of the United States Coast Survey. 

 Professor Bailey was among the first to perceive the great im- 

 portance of the results for biology and geology. These sound- 

 ings extended to a depth of nearly 2,000 fathoms, and we find 

 here the first discussion of the mode of existence of the forami- 

 nifera. Professor Bailey considered that they did not live on 

 the bottom ; he further compared the nature of a part of the 

 Atlantic ooze to the chalk of England, and that of another to 

 our green sand. Bailey's views were not supported by Ehren- 

 berg, who argued that the foraminifera lived on the bottom 

 where they were dredged. A very guarded report on the same 

 subject was written by Huxley on the soundings of Captain 

 Dayman of the " Cyclops " in 1857 (from a depth of 2,400 

 fathoms). He inclined to the opinion that the foraminifera 

 lived at the bottom, and called attention also, as Bailey had 

 done, to the great extension of globigerinse, and to the exist' 

 ence of genera dating back even earlier than to the time of the 

 chalk. 



Mafiitt and Craven investigated (1852) Gulf Stream globi- 

 gerinae : chalk formed of giobigerinse. Ehrenberg began in 

 1850 his researches on the living and fossil marine organisms 

 of great depths. Then came the important memoir of Wallich, 

 the naturalist of the " Bulldog," commanded by Sir Leopold 

 McClintock (1860). He confirmed the results of Bailey and 

 Huxley in regard to giobigerinse, and described ophiurans, 

 crustaceans, serpulae, from a depth of 465 fathoms. Then fol- 

 low the explorations of Pourtales, from 1867 to 1869, in con- 

 nection with the United States Coast Survey, in the " Corwin " 

 and " Bibb." ' 



1 Bull. M. C. Z., No. 6, Dee. 1867, and No. 7, Dee. 1868. 



