48 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
Permian in India and Australia, a view which every subsequent 
geologist who has attentively examined the evidence in the field has 
concurred in. (I. C. White, 1908). 
The identification by Mr. David White (in I. C. White, 1908, p. 
281, etc.) of the Glossopteris flora in the shales of the coal measures of 
Santa Catharina has completed the evidence as to the Permian age of 
those beds. In the correlation made with the Permian of India and 
elsewhere by Mr. White, there is a satisfactory agreement. In south 
Brazil as elsewhere the tillite beds occupy a position inferior to the 
main occurrences of the flora. 
Though mainly of non-marine origin, the Permian sandstones and 
shales as well as the glacial beds were deposited at or near sea-level. 
Further consideration of the geographical conditions of the period is 
deferred to the sections dealing with the conditions of Permian 
glaciation. 
The Triassic Terrane-— Surmounting the Permian strata of south 
Brazil there comes a group of mainly red beds with great sheets of 
trap forming its highest members. The basal beds of this series have 
afforded the remains of the Triassic reptile Scaphonyx and of fossil 
wood. The series is apparently in unconformable relation to the 
underlying Permian. According to Dr. Derby the beds on their 
northern limits overlap the Permian and rest upon the Pre-Devonian 
terrane. The series in most respects recalls the Newark group of 
Upper Triassic age in eastern North America. 
According to Dr. White’s report (1908, p. 33) the Trias is comprised 
of the following members: — 
Sao Bento series. Serra Geral eruptives . ; ; 600 M, 
900 meters Sao Bento sandstones, red, gray, and 
cream colored beds . ; : 200 
Rio do Rasto red beds with Scaphonyx 
and fossil wood ; : , 100 
The reports are not always explicit as to the nature of the trap sheets. 
Though apparently generally regarded as lava-flows Dr. White speaks 
of examples in southern Santa Catharina and Rio Grande do Sul in 
terms indicating the existence of thick sills. In this region, he also 
describes the underlying beds as intruded by great irregular dikes as 
if they were feeders to some of the overlying trappean masses. In 
general the Triassic area forms in south Brazil an elevated plateau | 
attaining elevations of 4,000 feet faced where it overlooks the Permian 
tract by an escarpment crowned with sheets of basalt. The eastern 
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