52 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
V. PERMIAN GLACIAL DEPOSITS OF SOUTH BRAZIL. 
“Tw the next great section of the earth’s crust, the Permian period, we have 
an almost world-wide extension of glacial waste * * * Even in the Southern 
Hemisphere we have what seems to be conclusive proof that the glaciers 
during this age operated in regions nearer the equator than they did during 
the last glacial period.”’ 
SHALER in Shaler and Davis. Glaciers, Boston: 1881, p. 96. 
‘‘ Bvidence is slowly accumulating which serves to show that glacial periods 
of greater or less importance have been of frequent occurrence at all stages in 
the history of the earth of which we have a distinct record.”’ 
N.S. Saater. Outlines of the Earth’s History, New York: 
1899, p. 247. 
The foregoing statements concerning the boulder-bearing Permian 
beds of south Brazil show the state of the inquiry concerning the 
origin of these deposits as late as 1908. Dr. Derby, Professor Branner, 
and Dr. I. C. White were essentially in agreement in regarding as 
highly probable the glacial origin of the boulders, but striated rock 
surfaces either of the bed rock or as transported erratics were wanting. 
The boulder-bearing beds of the Permian in south Brazil are far 
from presenting a persistent parallelism of strata from point to point 
along their outcrop. In the state of Sado Paulo the typical tillite is 
seemingly wanting except near the southern border, the evidence of 
ice-action being limited largely to argillaceous sandstones carrying 
occasional stones and boulders. The typical tillites crop out on the 
northern border of the state of Parana and are exposed at what appears 
to be more than one horizon as far south as Santa Catharina. In 
eastern Santa Catharina in the section along the Rio Tuberao there are 
no surface exposures of tillite, but waterworn conglomerates occur 
at a low horizon in the section apparently representing as at Ponta 
Grossa in Parana the glacial episode. 
The following account of the sections studied by myself begins with 
the beds on the north in the state of Sao Paulo, and includes the 
following sections: — 
a. The section from Itaicy to Piracicaba in Sao Paulo. 
b. The section on the Rio Jaguaricatu in northern Parana. 
ce. The section from Ponta Grossa to Conchas, Paranda. 
d. Exposures between Ponta Grossa and Serrinha, Paranda. 
e. The section from Serrinha via Lapa to Rio Negro, Parana. 
f. The Orleans-Minas section in the Tuberao Valley, Sta. Catharina. 
