hill: geology of JAMAICA. 185 



faces, are present in Haiti upon even a more extended scale than in 

 Jamaica. They are well developed in Cuba. They are probably absent 

 from the Windward Islands so far as I can ascertain and especially 

 Barbuda, Barbados, Martinique, Dominica, and Antigua, which I have 

 especially studied. In Antigua there is some evidence in the configu- 

 ration of the Pre-Kingston erosion epoch which is still largely sub- 

 merged. No formation comparable to the Kingston has been recognized 

 on the mainland of Panama. In the Coastal Plain of the United 

 States and Northern Mexico the so called Lafayette formation of 

 McGee and its extension into Arkansas (the Plateau Gravel) and Texas 

 (the Uvalde formation) is identical in method of origin, although of 

 course not continuous in extent with it. These beds are an important 

 landmark in the physical history and relations of the Antillean region. 



The Manchioneal (Pliocene) marls of Jamaica cannot be positively 

 correlated with other regions, owing to the vagueness of the criteria 

 for determining beds of this age. That marginal Pliocene formations 

 exist in Cuba, Haiti, and Porto Rico is well known, while the beds cf 

 Moen, Costa Rica,^ and certain formations of Trinidad, Guadeloupe, 

 Antigua, and other of the Windward Islands may be contemporaneous. 

 Formations of this age have also been reported as extending far inland 

 towards the foot of the central summits of Tehuantepec.^ Marine 

 formations of supposed Pliocene age are also extensively developed in 

 Florida and South Carolina. Catalogues of Tropical Pliocene inverte- 

 brate faunas are given by Gabb in the Appendix to his San Domingo 

 Report, and of Florida and Yucatan by Heilprin ^ and Dall * from 

 Tehuantepec. 



Elevated reefs, fossiliferous calcareous marls of the Falmouth type, 

 and aggradation al deposits of Pleistocene or later age have wide and 

 extensive development in the marginal regions of Tropical America. 

 These are all connected phenomena dependent for their origin upon the 

 submergence and re-elevation of the pre-existing platforms and benches, 

 and owe their present position to elevations in late geologic time. 



The Falmouth formation, composed of clastic shell limestone, prin- 

 cipally molluscan, is synchronous in origin with the elevated reefs. 

 Littoral and lagoonal debris and beach w^ash preserved as marls and 

 white limestones of this character are extensively developed in Haiti 



1 W. M. Gabb, Joiirn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.. 2d Series, VoL VIIT. No. 4, p. 349. 



2 J. W. Spencer, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, 1897, Vol. IX. pp. 13-34. 

 ^ Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Science, December, 1890. 



4 Bull. Geol. Soc. America, 1897, Vol. IX. pp. 13-34. 



