198 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
interesting and instructive recorded cases of this sort was reported by 
von Siebold (’64). A hive of bees possessed by a certain Herr Kugster 
of Constance contained a queen of pure Italian race, which had been 
mated with a drone of the common German race. During a period of 
four years this hive produced hundreds of hermaphroditic bees, and it is 
important to observe, always from fertilized eggs. For the drones pro- 
duced in this hive were of pure Italian race, like the mother ; whereas 
the hermaphrodites showed the characters of both parents, though more 
often with a predominance of maternal characters. 
The peculiarity, apparently, lay not solely in the gametes of the 
mother, for in that case the hermaphrodites should have been of pure 
Italian race, but rather in the combination of the (male) gametes of 
the Italian queen with the (female) gametes of the German drone. The 
dominance, normal among bees, of the female character (borne by the 
spermatozodn) was not realized in these hybrid hermaphrodites. 
Siebold obtained some two hundred of the hybrid bees and dissected 
many of them. They included about all conceivable sorts and degrees of 
hermaphroditism. There were true unilateral and antero-posterior her- 
maphrodites, as well as others with intermediate or mixed characters, as 
in size of eyes, number of joints in antenne, etc. Internal organs were 
usually not closely correlated with external in character, but animals 
male posteriorly possessed both testes and male copulatory organs, yet 
sometimes had an imperfect sting (a female character), or a certain num- 
ber of egg tubes fused with the testis, or even an ovary in place ofa 
testis. 
The hermaphrodite character clearly resulted in the case of these bees 
from iraperfect realization of the normal dominance of the female sex 
character. 
2. PARTHENOGENETIC ORGANISMS. 
(a) General Application. 
A study of sex-heredity in parthenogenetic animals shows (1) that in 
such animals the female character uniformly dominates over the male 
whenever the two are present together, precisely as in the case of hybrid 
mice gray coat-color dominates over white ; (2) that when a segregation 
of sex-characters occurs in the formation of the gametes, it does so at the 
second maturation division of the egg (in all but one or two exceptional 
cases), and probably at the corresponding stage in spermatogenesis. 
In a few species of animals parthenogenesis is the only known method 
of reproduction, males never having been observed. But in a far greater 
el igh letre 4 
