TKANSACTIONS OF SECTION C. 531 



TT. Sea-salt. — Is prepared in pans on the sea-coast, either by solar or artificial 

 evaporation. 



III. Lixiciation <if Saline earths. — The presence of various salts in the soil is 

 attributable to a hifjh deg;ree of evaporation unaccompanied by subsoil drainage. 

 Sterility over wide areas, where this is the case, lias often i-esulted from irrio^ation. 



IV. Saline Sj>riiu/>i and Wells. — Very abundant in parts of Assam, Burma, and 

 the Punjab, where, as is often the case in other countries, they occur in conjunc- 

 tion with petroleum sprinprs. 



V. Lakes with larj^e drainage areas and no outlets. Principal of these situated 

 in Raiputana. The present annual out-turn of the Sambhar Lake exceedg 

 100,000 tons. 



VI. Rock-salt. — There are two deposits, both situated in the Punjab: though 

 geographically speaking they occur near to one another, geologically thej^ are 

 widely separated, being of .Silurian and I'locene ages respectively. 



The author having given some details under each of tlie above headings, and 

 mentioned the modes of occurrence of some other salts besides the sodium chloride, 

 stated that more complete information on these subjects would be found in his 

 ' Economic Geology of India.' 



4. PrcUminary Heporf on the Flora of the ' Halifax Hard Bed,'' Lower 

 Coal Measures. — See Reports, p. 267. 



5. Oil the Iron and Lead Measures of Tynehead, Alston. By C. E. De 

 Range, F.G.8. Assoc. List. C.E. 



The carboniferous limestone of this area is capable of division into a series of 

 beds of limestones, separated by thick deposits of shale and sandstone, traversed by an 

 intrusive sheet of basalt known as the Whin Sill. The section above that horizon 

 consists only of 200 feet of limestones, while sandstones reach 3.50 feet, and shales 

 520 feet, lleneath the Whin Sill there are 000 feet of measures in which occur 

 manj' important beds of limestone, one of which, the ' Melmerby Scar Limestone,' 

 reaches a thickness of 124 feet. The chief lead measures occur in the Clreat 

 Limestone (70 feet), the Scar Limestone (30 feet), and in the Tyne Bottom 

 Limestone — the latter deriving its name from the South Tyne over which it 

 flows for a considerable distance. Below this horizon but little has been done to 

 explore the lead lodes, owing to the water-charged character of the strata 

 beneath the river bed. 



The veins are nearly in every case foults of small throw. Where the two 

 'cheeks' consist of limestone, the fissure forming the vein contains lead, when it 

 intersects beds of sandstone it is filled with copper, and in both cases, when these 

 are absent, the veins are tilled with brown iron-ore, containing 30 to 4-5 per cent. 

 of metallic iron. Should the proposed railway between Middleton in Teesdale 

 and Alston be carried out, it will bring these valuable iron-ores into easy access of 

 the Middlesboro' iron furnaces. 



6. Oil the Geolorjy of Cardigan Toivii. By Walter Keeping, M.A., F.G.S.^ 



The pale felspathic grits and black slates of Newport Bay and Cardigan are of 

 -Middle Bala or (iJaradoc age — not Ijlandovery as hitherto supposed. 



Above these come (2) rolling beds of pale-coloured, coarse, fiaggv slates, and 

 pale blue splintery slates, doubtless also of Bala age. Some ratherdarker shalv 

 slates (3) with rabby shales and ' cone in cone ' concretions next succeed, and 

 then we meet with (4) a small compact set of pale felspathic grits of the same 

 character as those at Cardigan. These also I regard as probably of Bala age 



' Geological Magazine, 1882, p. 519. 



M M 2 



