TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION D. — DEPT. ANTHBOPOLOGY. 609 



8. The City of the Tarquins. By Misa A, W. Buckland. 



In describing a short visit paid two years ago to Corneto, the modern representative 

 of old Tarquinii and to the Necropolis of the ancient city, Miss Buckland points out 

 how few travellers forsake the heaten track to investigate the relics of a people 

 anterior to the Romans and their instructors in most of the arts, as well as their 

 teachers in religious rites and divination. Yet these people have left hehind them 

 innumerable works of surpassing interest, showing an affinity with those of Egypt, 

 Assyria, and Greece, yet bearing a distinctive character of their own. The legends 

 of this ancient people make them a colony of Lydians, driven by famine from their 

 own land and settling among the prior inhabitants of Italy, who were probably an 

 admixture of Umbrians and Pelasgians, or as some prefer to call them, Tirrhenians, 

 although tliis name is also applied to the Etruscans. 



This Lydian colony, led by Tarchon, the companion of ^neas, landing probably 

 at Civita Vecchia, founded Tarquinii, so called from Tarchon, of whom the legend 

 further relates, that ploughing on what is now the Necropolis, a boy, named Tages, 

 with grey hair, sprang up under his plough. Tages instructed the Etruscans in 

 religion and the arts of government ; and Miss Buckland looks upon this grey- 

 haired boy as a personification of the former inhabitants, from whom the Etruscans 

 adopted much, and points out that the jewellery formerly ascribed to the Etruscans 

 is assigned by Castellani to this former race, whilst the well-known vases are of 

 Greek origin, the manufacture having been introduced from Corinth by Demaratus, 

 the father of Tarquinius Priscus. The earlier Etruscan ware is black and unpainted, 

 but sometimes ornamented with raised figures. The Etruscans were most famous 

 for their works in bronze, which seem to have been exported to all parts of Europe, 

 and they probably obtained the tin necessary for the manufacture from Britain, 

 since articles found in the tombs show a very extensive commerce. 



The tombs of Tarquinii differed much from those of the Romans, being subter- 

 ranean and very elaborately painted ; there are facsimiles of some of these paintings 

 in the British Museum, but fresh discoveries (ire constantly made, as the Necropolis 

 is now being excavated by the Italian Government. Besides the painted tombs the 

 Necropolis of Tarquinii contains many fine tumuli, resembling those in our own 

 land, and Miss Buckland suggests that antiquaries might find much of interest in 

 excavating these, as also the site of the ruined and utterly forsaken city of Tarquinii. 

 where possibly a clue to the Etruscan language, so long sought in vain, might be 

 discovered. 



Among the interesting objects from the Necropolis, now collected in a newly 

 formed museum at Corneto, Miss Buckland mentioned several situlse, which are 

 dressing cases of bronze, elaborately ornamented, containing all the necessaries of a 

 lady's toilet ; several beautiful vases and dishes of glass, resembling the Phoenician, 

 two sets of false teeth, fastened together with flattened gold wire, and a large 

 number of mirrors and vases ; also sarcophagi and cists, beautifully sculptured in 

 relief and painted. The tomb-paintings show that women in Etruria were treated 

 as equal to men, enjoying the same rights and privileges, descent being traced 

 through the mother, which probably shows that the Etruscans were a non- Aryan 

 race, although their origin is not yet determined. They have disappeared from 

 history, leaving oul}' their sepulchres, works of art, and great engineering works, 

 particularly in drainage and subterranean aqueducts, to the ruin of which Miss 

 Buckland ascribes much of the increased unhealthiness of the Maremma and 

 Campagna. 



9. The Influence of the Intellectual Faculties in relation to the Direction 

 and Operation of the Material Organs. By George Hakris, LL.D., 

 F.S.A. 



The object of the writer of this paper is to point out the extent to which, and 

 the mode in which, the discipline and cultivation of the material voluntary organs, 

 including more especially the senses and the hand, may be affected by the "operation 

 1882. B B 



