NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES, 51 
the dwarfs were anything more than casual varieties. The results of local in- 
fluences are peculiarly noticeable in the genus Parnassius and numerous 
races have recently been named ; the problem is where to stop, I am quite 
sure that if Mr. Bethune Baker were to employ a large gang of collectors hunt- 
ing all over India for 7’. iheophrastus, he would more than double his list 
of species in a very short time. 
30. Fruhstorfer in Tijd voor Ent, 1918 gives us a revision of the genera 
Castalius and Heliophorus (==/lerda), based on the genitalia, together with other 
notes. He puts Taraka next Castalius, a change that is not justified by the 
habits ; hamada is confined to Japan and Formosa, the Indian race being chris- 
tened mendesia, Orthomiella is sunk to Una, a rather strange proposition, while 
rovorea is described from the Chin Hills as a race of the Sikkim pontis. In 
Castalius, the species ananda is included; approximatus, But., is given as 
the Burmeso race of the Indian rosimon; roxana as the Indian race of 
the Javan roxus, manluena being the Nicobar one ; elna noliteia is named ag 
‘the elna race from India and Burma ; decidia is placed as the Indo-Burmese 
race of the Celebssian caletu, Hew., the Ceylon race being hamatus, M.; the 
Andaman forms of elna and roxus are placed as unnamed races. 
Heliophorus indicus, Fruh, is given as the race of the Javan epicles flying 
from Sikkim to North Burma; as a matter of fact epicles occurs as far South 
as the Karen Hills in Burma and also in the Middle Andaman. Birmana 
is given as a new race of the W. China saphir Blanch, as from Upper Burma. 
Androcles androcles (= viridis, mihi) is given from the E. Himalayas and andro- 
cles coruscans, M., from the W. Himalayas ; Fruhstorfer is no doubt right in 
assuming that Doubleday’s types came from the E. Himalayas. 
31. Fruhstorfer in Leiden Zool. Med. 1916 deals with the genera Lycenes- 
thes and Nacaduba, basing his results on genitalia examination. 
andamanicus is named as the race of tho Indian emolus. lycenina is confined 
to Ceylon and lycambes, Hew., given as the N. Indian race; he does not tell 
us what we are to call specimens of this species from 8. India and Burma, 
In Nacaduba several important changes are made and I append a list of the 
Indian species and races. 
pavana, Hors., Java, with races ; nabo, Fr., India and ? Andamans ; VAjUNG, 
Fr., Siam and Burma ; Ceylon not mentioned. 
augusta, Druce, Borneo, race kerriana, Dist. Tenasserim. 
pactolus, Fd., Amboina, with races; ceylonica, Fruh., Ceylon; race un- 
named §. India; continentalis, Fruh., Sikkim to Burma; andamanica, Fruh., 
Andamans ; macropthalma, Fd. Nicobars. 
nora, Fd., 8. Moluccas with race noreia, Fd. Indian region, 
aluta, Druce, Borneo, race coelestis, DeN., N. India and N. Burma; unnamed 
race, Andamans. 
dana and hampsoni, DeN., Indian region. 
viola, M. Sikkim to Burma and Andamans ; race merguiana, Fruh, Mergui, 
ancyra, Fd., Assam to Burma and Nicobars. 
berenice, H. 8. locality not clear but presumably Malayan, with races ; cey- 
lonica, Fruh, Ceylon; plumbeomicans, W. M., Andamans and India; aphya, 
Fruh, Siam and Rangoon, nicobaricus, W. M. Nicobars. 
atrata, Hors, Java with race gythrion, Fruh, Indian region (Lep. Ind. Plate, 
658 (3 to 3a.) 
perusia, Fd., 8. Moluccas with races; prominens, M., Ceylon (Lep. Ind. 
plate 658 3 c. to 3d.); ewplea, Fruh, India and Burma. 
The difference between atrata and prominens would seem to need further 
investigation. I have personally no doubt of the specific distinctness of the tailed 
and tailless forms of what DeNiceville treated under the name ardates. In 
J. B. N. H. 8. 1910 I described the tailless female from Sikkim with a yellow 
underside as sivoka. Swinhoe in Lep. Ind. calls the tailless and tailed forms 
