BUTTERFLIES OF MESOPOTAMIA, 59 
The dark Mesopotamian example was taken about the crest of the ridge of 
the Jebel Kizil Robat about stony hill crests. The 2 probably at rather lower 
elevation. Others were taken about the stone walls of vineyards at 
Harir in N. W. Persia. 
Localities :—Mesopotamia—Kizil Robat, ¢ 2, 2 1. Feb.-March 199], N. W. 
Persia, Harir, Karind valley, dg 1, 2 5, 13th-15th July 1918. 
Genus EPINEPHELE, Hb. 
. E. lupinus, centralis, Riley. 
$ not unlike jurtina 3 but smaller, forewing more sharply pointed at apex 
of a snuff-brown on costa and terminal margin, which shows up the black 
brand more. Ocellus at apex of f. w. often blind. Hindwing more dentate. 
Underside of forewing tawny with grey margins and ocellus at apex small and 
pupilled. Hindwing helow grey striated and speckled with darker with 
traces of a darker central band but no eyespots. ground colour dark-grey 
brown, with the terminal area sharply marked off and containing in f. w. two 
blind eyespots in pale yellow suffused rings. Occurs, but seems to be rare, in 
Mesopotamia, but in N. W. Persia is abundant in company with H. jurtina: at 
Kizil Robat a few males and a female were taken in April and May 1919 on the 
bank of the Dyala and one male on the plateau nearby: and three females by 
the Dyala at the Jebel Hamrin on June 25th in 1918. 
Although the male at first sight somewhat resembles a dull meadow brown, 
the females of the two species are very dissimilar. 
Lupinus sometimes settled on leaves in half shade some 5 or 6 feet from the 
ground. 
Regarding 58 specimens from Mesopotamia (11); N. W. Persia (Karind 
Valley and Kermanshah (45), and Suleimanyeh (2). Capt. N. D. Riley makes 
the following interesting note :—“ Staudiger’s description of H. lycaon var. 
intermedia, runs as follows: The almost universally common species 
FE. lycaon is a species very variable as to size, nature of hair-scales, 
colour, ete. 
The large examples from S. E. Europe with the forewing more lightly 
covered with long hairs was described long ago as var. lupinus, Costa, In 
the lower lying (hotter) districts of Central Asia and Asia Minor as well as 
in 8. Russia (according to Alpheraki) an intermediate form occurs which 
I call intermedia. Specimens are much larger than typical German lycaon 
and almost as densely hairy as the still larger lupinus, but darker and 
mostly with a broader (shorter) androconial stripe (ur rather patch) on the 
forewing. Also on the underside of the hindwing they are almost always 
much lighter (more greyish-white) than lycaon, especially examples from 
Samarkand, almost lke typical dupinus. 1 have this var. intermedia from 
Samarkand, Margelan ; also one specimen each from Saison and Lepsa 
(presumably taken in other hotter districts) I must include with them. In 
the same way examples from Amaria and Achal Tekka District would be 
best included here, although the Amaria specimens are darker on the 
underside. 
From this typical Staudinger description it at least appears that true 
intermedia is the Samarkhand, Margelan race. Hence Turati’s margelanica 
must fall as an absolute synonym of intermedia. In Mesopotamia, Kurdis- 
tan and Western Persia occurs a race somewhat similar to intermedia but 
characterised by its smaller size, greyer appearance (the females particu- 
larly being very dark above, with very little orange as a rule) and the 
greater uniformity of the markings of the underside of the hindwing, the 
banded appearance of intermedia being absent or almost so, in the majority 
