64 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII, 
Baghdad, October, several taken; Babylon, January ; Amara, May ; Baiji 
near Fathah, in June ; Khanikin, October. 
Buxton took this at Amara in May, July, September, October and November. 
Baghdad, 31st October 1920—5th November }920,1 @, 6 9. 
Key to the forms of Pyrameis, &c. 
A. Upp. f.w. apex black with white spots. 
Vermilion band across both wings. ..P. atalanta. 
Upperside hindwing, terminal half sallow yellow . P. cardni. 
B. A conspicuous small white L. eos mark on underside 
ot hindwing as 33 . . Polygonia egea. 
C. <A large conspicuous white cee on U. ‘ih: Waters Ae ..P. c-album. 
Genus PERAMEIS, Hb. 
P. atalanta, L., Seitz. 1. 62c. 
The ‘“‘ Red Admiral.” 
Black velvety ground with transverse bands of dark vermilion on f.w. and on 
hindwing an outer marginal band of same enclosing four black spots. Apex 
of f.w. velvety black with one large white spot and five smaller ones. H. w. 
with a small double blue spot at tornus. Underside of f.w. as above, but bands 
pale, parallel and followed by some bluish markings. The apex stone-coloured ; 
of h.w. richly marked with dark and light brown, bluish and stone colour. 
A few taken at Kizil Robat on the Dyala in November 1918 at mint flowers 
- and hibernated specimens in March. Mosul “3 or 4, alla very small variety 
(Capt. Aldworth). 
Localities :—Mesopotamia—Kizil Robat, Mosul. Throughout Europe, N. 
Africa, W. Asia, N. America, Hamarin Isles. As with other migratory butter- 
flies, it varies little geographically. 
P, cardui, Lin., Seitz. 1. 62d. 
Larva. Blackish brown, with a longitudinal pale interrupted line on each 
side. The segments armed with short branched spines. Feeds on _ thistles 
and Artemisia. Pupa “ tuberculate: head bluntly cleft, pale ochraceous or 
brown, more or less spotted with yellow.” 
Abundant in Mesopotamia, especially in April. Basra abundant, Sheik 
Saad, common in April 1917, disappearing during hot weather (Major T. D. 
Broughton, R.E.). Amara, May 1918. Kizil Robat on R. Dyala 1919. 
January 20th and Feb. 19th common ; March 6th in thousands at flowers, rather 
worn; April4tha fresh brood appearing: 10th abundant, many flying West: 
19th abundant both battered old ones and a handsome bright new brood ; May 
10th larva found on leaf of small thistle, pupated, imago emerged May 22nd’ 
Khanikin, Sept.-Oct., both old and new broods. Baiji on right bank of Tigris, 
common in worn states in March 1920; fresh bright ones later. 
S. Kurdistan. Suleimanyeh, Sept. Ist. Jujar Nov. 22nd, a few seen. 
'This-butterfly is widespread about the world. 
Genus POLYGONIA. 
P. egea, Cr. Seitz, Vol. I, p. 1, 64 c. 
Pale golden fulvous white marginal row of yellow spots above. 
L shaped mark on underside of hindwing. 
Small white 
