242 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. 
The majority are blakistoni, so apparently this race is the commoner. I have 
examiued a large series of both races from topo-type localities and it is by no 
means easy to separate out individual birds ; the most typical cowtellii with the 
-warmer brown upperparts, especially the rump, come from Egypt and Persia : 
probably the breeding area of this race is small compared with that of blakistons, 
which has an enormous breeding range in Central Asia and is a very wide migrant. 
So that it is not to be wondered at that numerically coutelli gets swamped by its 
paler ally in its winter quarters. Of the thirteen specimens I regard nine as 
blakistoni, two as coutellii and two are somewhat intermediate between the two. 
I find no difference in size in these two races ; a topo-type series of blakistont 
measure 84-93 mm. (often 92-93), of coutellit 82-94 mm. 
46. Meadow Pipit. Anthus pratensis. 
Anthus pratensis, L. (Syst. Nat. Ed. X, p. 166, 1758—Sweden). 
The various Pipits were so mixed up by so many observers that their status is 
a matter for further investigation. The Meadow Pipit would appear not to be 
very common, neither Buxton nor Cheesman’ met with it, nor did Cumming at 
Fao. Pitman obtained four skins at Samarra between December 14th and March 
8th and I found it not uncommon in small flocks frequenting damp places in 
fields at Basra on November 20th and March 19th and obtained specimens on 
each day. 
Zarudny records A. pratensis enigmaticus as a winter visitor and passage mig- 
rant in the Karun district. I do not know this bird, which Zarudny described 
from Tashkent in Turkestan ; the Mesopotamian birds agree well with European 
ones, and I suspect enigmaticus is really cervinus, which Zarudny omits from 
his Mesopotamian list. 
47. Tree Pipit. Anthus trivialis. 
Anthus trivialis trivialis, L. (Syst. Nat. Ed. X, p. 16, 1758—Sweden). 
Cumming records this Pipit at Fao on spring and probably autumn passage, 
Pitman found it fairly common at Nahr Umar on March 26th, 1917, and obtained 
specimens there and at Feluja on March 29th the next year ; Cheesman obtained 
one at Basra on April 18th, Buxton records it from Amara on September 28th. 
Zarudny records it as a passage migrant in the Karun district and Weigold notes 
it on passage on April 10th as not rare in the oasis and gardens at Urfa, where 
there were still some on April 27th ; they were in flocks and the sexual organs 
were not developed. It breeds on the south coast of the Black Sea (Woosnam). 
48. Red-throated Pipit. Anthus cervinus. 
Anthus cervinus, Pall. (Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. i., p. 311, 1827—Siberia). 
One obtained by Cheesman at Sheik Saad on April 3rd and two shot by 
Pitman at Feluja on April 16th, where he found it plentiful from 14th—17th., 
are our only records. Tomlinson records that he obtained one at Shustar on 
April 19th, and one at Basra on November 21st. 
49. Tawny Pipit. Anthus campestris. . 
Anthus campestris campestris, L. (Syst. Nat. Ed. X, p. 166, 1758— 
Sweden). 
The Tawny Pipit is a common winter visitor to the plains. Unlike most of 
the other Pipits it affects dry places and is to be met with in scrub, and desert 
where a little scrub is to be found ; it is found singly‘or at the most in pairs. It 
occurs from Fao and Shustar in the south northwards everywhere in suitable 
localities and Weigold records it from Urfa. The dates of arrival were not 
noted but there are specimens obtained as late as April 5th and Weigold met 
with it as late as the 23rd. According to Woosnam it probably breeds at. Lake 
Van in Armenia. 
z= 
