BUTTERFLIES OF MESOPOTAMIA. 355 
Resembles tschudica in the whiteness of the apical area of underside of 
forewing, but can at once be separated from it by the far greater reduction 
in the extent of the green mottling of the underside of the hindwing. 
There are three pairs of typical tschudica in the B. M. from 8S. Russia, all 
of which agree far better with Herrich-Schaeffor’s figures than do these 
specimens from the R. Dyala. 
I suspect that the @ mentioned by LeCerf taken at Danah Kouh 
April 1908, is referable rather to this race than to true fschudica.”’ 
Z. eupheme tigris, Riley. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. 8, p. 591. 
13 g, 42 (now in B. M.) taken at Fathah on the right bank of 
the Tigris from 3rd March to 5th April 1920, Capt. Riley remarks :— 
‘This race, like the preceding, comes very close to tschudica, H.-S. It 
can, however, be separated at once from that by the yellowness of the 
apical area of the underside of the forewing, this area being white in 
Herrich-Schaeffer’s figures (Schmett. Eur. f. 449-453) with the exception of 
the extremes of the inner edge, uniformly yellow in tigris. The mottling of 
the underside of the hindwing also has considerably more yellow in its com- 
position than is the case in true tschudica. Two males approach menestho 
in the richness of the underside coloration; one approaches dyala in the 
poverty of it. The extent of the orange in the apical patch on forewing 
above is on the average, appreciably greater than is the case in dyala. 
B. M. Types No. Rh. 165 @, 166 @. 
At Amara on 20th May 1918, the writer saw an ‘orange-tip’ with yellow 
tinged ground-colour on hindwing which was probably a very late example 
of this f. tigris. It was going from flower to flower in a garden, and was 
then mistaken for Jvias pyrene.” 
Genus COLIAS, Fabr. 
C. croceus, Fourcroy (=edusa, Fab.) Seitz., 1.26g. 
Of 60 ¢, 90 2 now incorporated in the National Collection, and 17 more 
from Amara, Fathah Jebel Hamrin (River Dyala), Kizil Robat in Mesopota- 
mia; and Paitak and the Karind Valley in Persia. 
Capt. N. D. Riley remarks as follows :— 
“A magnificent series. The Persian specimens cover the dates 14th July- 
10th September; the Mesopotamian series represent captures in nearly every 
week of the months January-July (middle). As regards size they range from an 
expanse of 3°7 mm. (Q Jebel Hamrin. 3rd July 1918) to 5:4 mm. (9, Amara, 
26th May 1918.) The January and February specimens are noticeably 
and consistently smaller than those of any other month with the exception 
of the one very small female mentioned above, and an exactly similar one 
from same locality, dated 10th June 1918. 
The amount of variation in colour and markings is remarkable. 1 @ (Kizil 
Robat, 22nd March 1919) has ground almost lemon-yellow instead of orange ; 
some examples in which all the veins are marked with yellow across the outer 
marginal border, are referable to ab. faille. Stefanelli; of the females almost 
exactly 333 per cent. are of the white helice form; 2 of the @Q f. 
anbuisonni, Caradja, intermediates in which the yellow has failed; 1 of the 
Q f. helicina, Oberth, an intermediate form in which the red pigment is 
absent, leaving the specimen a delicate lemon-yellow. 
For the rest no two specimens are alike, so it would serve no useful purpose 
_ to go into details.” 
There appear to be several broods of the “clouded yellow” in the year in 
Mesopotamia. It is very common, especially about the end of March, and is 
widespread from the banks of the Tigris to the highlands of Persia. Near the 
Dyala it frequents slopes where its food-plant, a small yellow-flowered trefoil 
