356 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII, 
grows on the fringes of the plateaux, andin vegetable gardens and about 
patches of lucerne. 
Among some large bright orange examples of the summer form taken in 
Mesopotamia in July are a few having a white centre more or less distinct to the 
black discoidal spot on the underside of the forewing, but no other resemblance 
to C. fieldi. At Harir, at 5,300 ft. in W. Persia in July, some specimens were 
taken having this discoidal spot black, the discoidal cell yellow anteriorly and 
orange posteriorly, the remainder of the underside being markedly green. 
As in other parts of its range, the green appears to be most marked in the 
earliest or “‘ wet’ brood and in those found in the highlands ; the underside in 
June and July in Mesopotamia, or by the Dyala at Kizil Robat, being more 
“dry ’’, 7.e., more yellow than green. As elsewhere the females vary in shade. 
White (pallida, Tutt), but not cream-coloured (helice, Hb.) forms were common ; 
one taken at Mirjana on Jan. 28th, 1920, was of the faintly yellow-tinted form 
citrina; another more like helice, Hb.. was taken on June 13th, 1920, at Baiji. 
White females with much grey above were common at Lucerne. One dull cream 
coloured helice form was taken with a slight edging of orange along the posterior 
margin of the forewings. When in the paper envelope this one laid eggs 
of the usual spindle shape and yellowish pearl colour. At Amarain May 1918 
and at Baiji in June 1920 very fine grey white females with pale discoidal 
spots on the hind wings and much grey above were taken. On 21st April 1919, 
at Kizil Robat, a white female was taken in copula with croceus male, and similarly 
another on 3rd June (1920) at Baiji, the male doing the flying. On stony- 
slopes near the Dyala at Kizil Robat about 8 o’clock in the morning in early 
April one could be fairly sure of putting up some white females of croceus. 
Early in June at Baiji both yellow and white forms of the female were seen 
laying eggs singly on the upper side of leaves of lucerne about the middle of 
one half of the leaf, the butterfly settling but a short time to deposit each egg 
and then going on to other leaves near-by. White clover was more plentiful 
than the purple flowered lucerne, but the eggs were laid on lucerne. 
The egg of yellowish pearl colour when just laid, changing later to salmon- 
pink, appears slightly smaller and narrower than the egg of &, belemia, although 
of the two butterflies croceus is much the larger. It is spindle shaped, the top 
being pointed like the fuze-cap of a shell. 19 longitudinal ridges were counted : 
a few of these coalesce and some do not quite reach the top of the egg. There 
are fine transverse ridges. Figures of the various stages can be seen in South’s 
and Kirby’s works. 
Larve.—At Baiji in May and June two rugose dark green cylindrical larvee 
were found on lucerne, having white lateral stripe, and on each segment a 
minute black spot just below the stripe and a touch of red on the white stripe 
just above the black spot. These fed on lucerne until they pupated ; one on 
25th May suspended horizontally from the petiole of a lucerne leaf, the tail 
end being towards the stem of the plant; the other pupated on 2Ist June 
upright against the main stem of lucerne. 
Pupa.—Stout and thick, the wing-cases being very prominent so that it appears 
pigeon breasted and with a dorsal hump. In the horizontal one the body girdle 
was remarkably long so that the pupa swung freely. Colour in one at first 
semi-transparent green of the same shade as the leaves ; in the other pea-green, 
this again much resembling the leaves. One of these pupe, as the leaves become 
more yellow, also changed maintaining the resemblance. On the fifth day the 
orange of the forewing showed through the pupa-skin as also a dark central 
mark on each wing and at the end of each vein a minute black spot. On either 
side of the ventral surface of the first three visible abdominal segments was 
a brownish black-streak. On the sixth day the markings of the forewings 
showed so distinctly that the sex of the enclosed butterfly could be determined. 
The cilia and antenne were marked out in rose-pink. From the pupa of 
