BUTTERFLIES OF MESOPOTAMIA, 365 
jujuba which, as Capt. Buxton remarks regarding this form in Algeria (Ento- 
mologists Record, Vol. XXVI), is a perfect terror to one’s net, The net once 
caught on a bush seems to embrace it, and only very careful, patient picking 
off of every part of the net will save it from rents. 
T. mediterranez, B. Baker, distinguished by the genitalia, common at 
Baghdad in September and at Amara in June on Zizyphus trees. 
Dr. Chapman and Capt. P. A. Buxton, R.A.M.C., have recently contributed 
an interesting illustrated article on the life history of this race, which is common 
at Amara, in the ‘‘ Entomolgist’s Monthly Magazine” 3rd series, Vol. V, p. 163 
T. balcanicus areshanus, B. Baker, Amara, April and Baghdad 
September. The locality of the type specimen is Geok Tepe in Transcaucasia 
near Elizabetpol, and not the more famous place of the same name in Trans- 
easpia. Also obtained at Suleimanyeh in September. 
Subfam. THECLINA. 
Genus APHNAEUS. 
A. epargyros marginalis, Riley A. & M. N. H., Vol. 8, p. 598. 
N. W. Persia, Paitak, 6-7th August 1918. Suleimanyeh, Kurdistan 
lst September 1919; 4 @,9 $ (all except 3 Q are now in B. M.). 
On willows by a stream at Paitak, 2,500 ft. at the foot of the Takigerra 
Pass. A few, in very worn condition, by the Kalisan stream at Suleima- 
nyeh. Capt. Riley notes on these :— 
*‘ Differs from typical epargyros (as represented in the B. M. by 13 @, 
8 Q from Persia, Turkestan, etc.) which was described from the Aral Sea 
region, by its much smaller size, darker ground colour, and the great 
increase in the size of the black markings above. The submarginal band 
of the forewing extends to the marginal line, thus forming a broad band 
which posteriorly joins the median transverse band. The triangular patch 
of ground-colour so enclosed is nearly half filled by the four black spots 
between vein 4 and the costa. The black markings of hindwing are 
correspondingly larger. 
On the underside the ground colour is greenish grey, not silver-grey as 
in typical epargyros, and the irregular blotches which in epargyros are 
ochreous, are similarly slightly greenish. The blotches themselves are 
more rounded, neater and the whole underside has a more delicate 
appearance than it has in the typical form.” 
B. M. Types No. Rh. 183 @ ; 184 Q, Paitak, 6th August 1918 
N.B.—Since its description by Hversmann (1854) epargyros has always 
been regarded as a synonym of acamas, Klug. A reference, however, 
to the original descriptions and figures clearly shews the distinguishing 
features of the two species. Acamas always has the base of the forewing 
as far as the origin of vein 2, and usually also the whole, or greater part, 
of proximal half of hindwing grey. In epargyros the yellow ground colour 
extends right up to the base of the wing. In epargyros any light yellow 
area in the forewing is confined to area 6; in acamas the lighter areas are 
sometimes white and may extend into the celland into areas 5 and 4. But 
the readiest means of separating the two species is by the shape of the 
submarginal band of the forewing below. In acamas this is an even band 
(or comparatively so) with a straight inner edge, or bordered by a series of 
narrow straight lines ; in epargyros, as stated very clearly by Eversmann, it is 
made up of a series of very decided crescents, their convex sides inwards. 
A,, acamas subsp. hypargyros, Butler. 
N. W. Persia, Harir, 9-19th August 1918; 11 @, 4 @Q (allexcept 5 @ 
are now in B, M.) 
