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BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN INDIA. An 
D. Chitral and Ladak, with 2 Central Asian fauna more or less modified 
to suit local conditions ; the high elevation species extend right along the 
Himalayas to Sikkim. 
EB. The Western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon, with 2 bastard 
fauna made up of species that have found their way there from the Central 
Asian, Chinese and South Indian sub-regions, many of which have been 
modified so as to constitute well defined races or even species. 
-F. The North East corner of the Empire, running from Sikkim to North- 
em Barma (Shan States) This is one of the most interesting arcas m the 
world. The Central Asian, Chinese, Malayan and South Indian sub-regions 
have found a most fertile meeting place here; it is also more or less of @ 
ter ce Mah edkiae aad Wa a @ number of genera variation seems to have 
run riot. 
G. Lower Burma from the Karen Hills to Victoria Point, contammg 4 
slightly modified Malayan fauna, while in the extreme South many purely 
Malayan forms are to be met with. 
H. The Andamans and Nicobars, which have 2 fama made wp of modified 
Malayan forms, but displaying a very distinct affmity with South India 
The above sub-areas can no doubt b= divided still further. but greater detail 
need not be entered into here. It will be seen that the Plams of North nda 
have not been dealt with in the above list ; they have no characteristic fauna of 
their own and the few species that are to be met with are all members of one or 
other of the recognised sub-areas. 
3. Butterflies differ from moths in 4 number of ways, but no hard and fast 
Ime ean be laid down. The chief characters are ; 
a. oe ee renee See Oe by Ss shey never dy at night, but 
@ few species remain dormant until the dusk 
6. They have ae a rule knobbed or hooked antennz. which are straight 
and are held in front of the head_ 
¢. Mosé butterflies ress with the wings erect. 
d. The upper and lower wing om one side of the body are never jomed 
at the base. 
The species of butterflies are divided into 4 number of families. sub-fzmilies 
by that of the species ; for instance Papilio machaon is the ordmary English 
swallowtail. Butterflies that oceur over a large area are apt to develop mto 
a number of well defined races and im order to distmguish them 2 ti-nommal 
system of nomenclature has been adopted : for instance Papilio machaon is the 
race of the common yellow swallowtail, Papilio machaon axatics is 
the Western Himalayan race, Papiliomachaon xkkimensia the Chumbi Valley - 
race and soon. If it is desired to distinguish a variety. the abbreviation v. is 
put before th varietal name ; for instance Papitio machaon aziatica v. ladaken- 
#2 is the short-tailed variety of the common yellow swallowtail found m the 
Western Himalayas. Ii the variety is confimed to only one sex, the ex ag d 
for male and 2 for female is put before the v. 
4. For the purpose of this article the mam divisions nto which the butéer- 
flies, or scientifically the Rhopalocera, are divided may be briefiy deseribed as 
follows . 
and one white spotted dark velvet brown species of the genus Euples are 
