372 REPORT — 1894. 



and at the syllabus of the various courses, forbids the inference that 

 the instruction given is of a purely rudimentary nature. 



Much, it is true, depends upon the personal enthusiasm and force of 

 the teacher, for, despite the obligation of attendance, a dull and unin- 

 teresting lecture will rarely obtain the audiences registered to him, 

 many students preferring to buy copies of the course hectographed from 

 the notes of their predecessors in the lecture room, and only troubling 

 themselves to appear at the l^eginning and end of the semester. 



In the University of Krakau, Economics is obligatory, both in 

 study and examination, for the students of agriculture who attend 

 special lectures, apart, that is, from the law students. Instruction 

 in Economics (Political Economy, Finance, and Statistics) is given al.'?o 

 at all the Technical High Schools (Technische Hochschulen) in 

 Austria,' while attendance at the courses (though without examination) 

 is obligatory at the schools of agriculture, where similar conditions pre- 

 vail. At the Commercial Academies (Handelsakademien) of Vienna and 

 Prague a course of lectures is given with particular reference to the 

 economic branches which throw most light on commercial facts and 

 features, and on the relations existing between the various classes engaged 

 in industry and trade. To obtain the diploma of these institutions the 

 lectures are followed by an examination. Courses are provided for tlie 

 consular service at the Oriental Akademie in Vienna, and for the 

 service of the administration of the army.'^ There is also a Fortbildung- 

 schule for officials of the railway, where political economy is taught and 

 examined in. Members of these courses are considered specially fitted 

 for the attainment of the higher posts in their service. 



A knowledge of Economics, duly and doubly certified by registered 

 lecture courses and by examination, is a necessary preliminary to certain 

 careers. Attendance at the university lectures and the attainment of the 

 juridical degree are the qualification for the higher branches of the legal 

 profession (advocate, &c.), and like attendance and degree, or, in the 

 place of the latter, the diploma of public service, are required for all 

 branches of the legal profession and for the whole civil service. Entrance 

 into the consular and diplomatic services may also be obtained through 

 the courses of the Oriental Academy. Further, as has been pointed out 

 above, a certain acquaintance, or supposed acquaintance, with economic 

 studies is considered necessary in some other vocations. 



At the present time very considerable importance is attached to 

 economic studies in Austria. Their scientific character is a general 

 matter of care, and an extension of the sphere in which they are obli- 

 gatory, or at least advisable on the part of those who seek success in their 

 particular calling or profession, is earnestly advocated by some. In the 

 first direction the reforms in the juridical studies at the universities will 

 operate. As Dr. Mataja writes : — ' Economics will have greater and not 



of the various studies required for the degree. As each has to take up several sub- 

 jects, and to pass examinations in these, he cannot give very special attention to 

 Economics or any other branch of social science in which he may happen to bo 

 interested. 



' Of these there are six : — Vienna, Briinn. Graz, Prag (German), Prag (Bohemian), 

 Lemberg (Polish). After examination diplomas are granted, which are necessary 

 for those becoming teachers in agricultural schools, and are, it is said, a strong 

 recommendation in the eyes of landlords when engaging their officials, agents, &c. 



- An Intendanz-Cliss for officers willing to serve as Intendanten for the provision 

 of the aril y. 



